Nokea
What is a condition where the lung's alveoli are permanently enlarged and damaged, leading to shortness of breath?
- A. Emphysema
- B. Bronchitis
- C. Atelectasis
- D. Pulmonary fibrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Emphysema. Emphysema is a condition where the lung's alveoli are permanently enlarged and damaged, causing shortness of breath. This occurs due to the destruction of the alveoli walls, leading to decreased surface area for oxygen exchange. This results in difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen supply to the body. Bronchitis (B) is inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not alveoli damage. Atelectasis (C) is the collapse of lung tissue, not enlargement. Pulmonary fibrosis (D) is scarring of lung tissue, not alveoli enlargement.
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Which of the following symptoms is the first sign of aortic regurgitation?
- A. Water-hammer pulse
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Flushed skin
- D. Heart murmur
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A water-hammer pulse is an early sign of aortic regurgitation due to backflow of blood into the left ventricle.
If Mr. Cook does not take his hydrochlorothiazide every day because it causes nocturia, it would be important to first
- A. tell him that you understand but that he must take the medicine as prescribed
- B. discuss the role of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension
- C. ascertain how much medicine he is taking as well as what time of the day he takes his diuretic
- D. encourage more potassium in his diet
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Understanding the timing and dosage helps tailor interventions.
A client on a beta blocker has a heart rate of 52 bpm. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Hold the beta blocker and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer the beta blocker as ordered.
- C. Increase the dose of the beta blocker.
- D. Continue to monitor the client and reassess in 30 minutes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hold the beta blocker and notify the healthcare provider. With a heart rate of 52 bpm, the client may be experiencing bradycardia, a potential side effect of beta blockers. Holding the medication and informing the healthcare provider is crucial to prevent further complications. Administering the beta blocker (B) can exacerbate bradycardia. Increasing the dose (C) can further decrease the heart rate. Continuing to monitor (D) without intervention can lead to worsening of the bradycardia.
Which medication is used to prevent blood clots by thinning the blood, reducing the risk of stroke and heart attack?
- A. Anticoagulant
- B. ACE inhibitor
- C. Beta-blocker
- D. Calcium channel blocker
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anticoagulant. Anticoagulants prevent blood clots by thinning the blood, reducing the risk of stroke and heart attack. They work by inhibiting clot formation. ACE inhibitors (B), Beta-blockers (C), and Calcium channel blockers (D) are not used to prevent blood clots. ACE inhibitors are used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure, Beta-blockers are used to treat high blood pressure and heart conditions, and Calcium channel blockers are used to treat high blood pressure and certain heart conditions.
The client on clopidogrel (Plavix) should be monitored for which adverse effect?
- A. Bleeding
- B. Hypertension
- C. Tachycardia
- D. Bradycardia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bleeding. Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet medication that can increase the risk of bleeding due to its mechanism of action in preventing blood clot formation. Monitoring for signs of bleeding such as easy bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, blood in urine or stool is crucial.
Incorrect Choices:
B: Hypertension - Clopidogrel does not typically cause hypertension.
C: Tachycardia - Clopidogrel does not affect heart rate in a way that would lead to tachycardia.
D: Bradycardia - Clopidogrel is not associated with causing bradycardia.
In summary, monitoring for bleeding is essential when a client is on clopidogrel due to its antiplatelet effects, while hypertension, tachycardia, and bradycardia are not typically associated adverse effects of this medication.