Nokea
Have you ever found yourself staring at the ceiling at 2:00 a.m.? Have you kicked the blankets off to the floor from tossing and turning? Many longtime suffers of Insomnia know these situations all too well. As many as 17% of Americans find the restful break of sleep hard to achieve.
Lack of sleep affects intellectual abilities at work or school by causing a deficit in memory, attention, and concentration which in turn creates a feeling of irritation or depression. Chronic insomnia can result from a medical illness, a psychiatric condition, or from sleep apnea, a condition where an individual actually stops breathing during sleep. Sleep hygiene, developing good sleep habits, and non- pharmacological therapies such as herbs and spices are some solutions to Insomnia.
What is a solution to insomnia?
- A. Developing good sleep habits and using herbs and spices.
- B. Increasing caffeine intake.
- C. Watching television before bed.
- D. Taking frequent naps during the day.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Developing good sleep habits, such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and ensuring a comfortable sleep environment, along with using herbs and spices like chamomile or lavender, can help in managing insomnia. These strategies promote better sleep quality, aid in falling asleep faster, and staying asleep longer by relaxing the mind and body before sleep.
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Photosynthesis is a process used by plants, algae, and certain bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. This process is fundamental to life on Earth as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all organisms. The energy is captured from sunlight by a pigment in the plants called chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil react in the presence of light to form sugars and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which is crucial for the survival of most life forms on Earth. The sugars produced are used by the plant for energy and growth, storing excess energy as starch.
The process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Photosynthesis not only sustains plant life but also maintains the atmospheric oxygen levels and is a key factor in the carbon cycle, helping to regulate Earth's climate.
Which gas is crucial for the survival of most life forms and is released during photosynthesis?
- A. Nitrogen
- B. Carbon dioxide
- C. Oxygen
- D. Hydrogen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: During photosynthesis, oxygen is crucial for the survival of most life forms and is released into the atmosphere. Oxygen is a byproduct of the photosynthetic process, where carbon dioxide and water react in the presence of light to form sugars and oxygen. This released oxygen is essential for the respiration of many living organisms, making it a critical component for their survival. Without the oxygen released during photosynthesis, many organisms would not be able to carry out cellular respiration, which is vital for their energy production and survival.
Exams
Subjective exams measure your ability in several areas. Besides recall information, you must be able to organize content logically and intelligently express yourself in a clearly understood manner. Subjective tests provide a greater opportunity for students to show their broad knowledge of a subject area. Answers may be in the form of paragraphs or lengthy essays.
When you review for an essay exam, concentrate on main ideas rather than details. Since essay tests are limited to a few questions, they are likely to deal with more important ideas of a subject. Prepare a list of questions that you think might be asked. Write an answer to each of your questions. Rather than writing complete sentences, jot down your thoughts in outline form. Doing so will help you organize the information so that you can express yourself clearly.
When you take the test, read through all the questions before you start to write. Allot time for each question, allowing more time for questions worth the most points. Read each question carefully to determine exactly what is being asked. Pay attention to words such as define, illustrate, explain, list, compare, and contrast. Each word requires a different type of response.
Compared to objective exams, essay tests contain
- A. no good answers.
- B. more questions.
- C. harder questions.
- D. fewer questions.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Essay tests are limited to a few questions, focusing on the more important ideas of a subject. This means they contain fewer questions compared to objective exams, which typically cover a wider range of topics and have more questions. The passage emphasizes that essay tests require students to organize their thoughts and express themselves clearly, indicating a deeper examination of essential concepts rather than a larger quantity of questions.
Blood Pressure Regulators
The body is composed of systems that have evolved and diversified in order to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. One such system that has these regulators is the bodyÄ€™s cardiovascular system. The bodyÄ€™s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to all cells of the body, as well as the discard of carbon dioxide and other waste products, is the heart.
Because blood pressure varies at different points within the body, differing components are needed to keep the bodyÄ€™s blood pressure regulated. Three of the basic components are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
Baroreceptors are stretch receptors composed of fine branching nerve endings and are contained along the walls of the arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body as well. Impulses are related to this stretching along the arterial walls, which causes these baroreceptors to send out even more impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, causing the blood pressure to go either up or down.
Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level, carbon dioxide, and pH. Just think! A fall in oxygen causes receptors to send impulses to raise the blood pressure.
The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex cause the kidney to keep or let go of any salt and water. This has an influence on blood volume and consequently on blood pressure.
What is the best summary of this passage?
- A. The bodyÄ€™s pump, the heart, regulates the flow of oxygen to all cells of the body and discards waste products like carbon dioxide. The kidneys assist by absorbing salts and water.
- B. There are several systems that maintain the body's natural functions. The cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure through baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
- C. Baroreceptors, located along the walls of arteries, help regulate blood pressure by sending impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins.
- D. Chemoreceptors monitor changes in oxygen levels that impact blood pressure.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because it provides a concise and accurate summary of the passage. It highlights the different components involved in regulating blood pressure, including baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys within the cardiovascular system. This choice effectively captures the main points discussed in the passage, emphasizing the systems responsible for maintaining the body's natural functions and regulating blood pressure.
Electrocardiogram
Beep!Ć¢Ä‚¬Ā¦Beep!Ć¢Ä‚¬Ā¦Beep! is the audible rhythmic sound made as the strength of the heart muscle is measured. The signal cadence has a characteristic record that varies in every individual. This record is called an electrocardiogram, or ECG.
In the body, an array of systemic neural responses constantly occur, emitting electric currents. The electric currents can be detected on the surface of the body, and if a person is hooked to an amplifier, these impulses are recorded by an electrocardiograph.
Most of the information obtained is about the heart because the heart sends out electric currents in waves. This Ć¢Ä‚¬Å“wave of excitationĆ¢Ä‚¬Ā¯ spreads through the heart wall and is accompanied by electric changes. The wave takes place in three distinct steps.
Initially, the Ć¢Ä‚¬Å“wave of excitationĆ¢Ä‚¬Ā¯ accompanied by an electric change lasts for approximately 1 to 2 seconds after the contraction of the cardiac muscle. The electric impulses are discharged rhythmically from the sinoatrial (SA) node, the pacemaker of the heart. This spread of excitation over the muscle of the atrium indicates that the atrium has contracted.
Next, the peak of the ECG reading is due to the atrioventricular (AV) node, causing the ventricle to become excited.
Finally, the ventricles relax, and any changes in the wave indicate to trained medical staff any abnormalities within the heart.
What is the best summary of the passage?
- A. Electric currents within the body result from the heart's electrostatic charges. Trained medical staff can identify heart abnormalities.
- B. Each individual exhibits unique electric currents on the body's surface, which the ECG records and measures.
- C. The ECG systematically captures the stages of the 'wave of excitation' within the heart, originating from the SA node to the AV node, in three distinct steps.
- D. The ECG records the body's electric currents, detectable on the body's surface through an amplifier.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The passage discusses how the electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the 'wave of excitation' in the heart, detailing the three distinct steps from the SA node to the AV node. Option A is incorrect as it oversimplifies the process and does not focus on the ECG's specific function. Option B is partially correct but lacks the key point about the stages of excitation and the nodes involved. Option D is too general and does not highlight the specific process of the 'wave of excitation' as explained in the passage. Therefore, Option C is the best summary as it accurately reflects the systematic measurement and recording of the 'wave of excitation' within the heart by the ECG.
One of the best ways to understand a group of people is to know what makes them laugh. Laughter encompasses the limits of the soul and serves social, psychological, and physiological functions. In humor, life is redefined and accepted. Irony and satire provide much keener insights into a group's collective psyche and values than do years of research. It has always been a great disappointment to Native Americans that the humorous side of their life has not been mentioned by experts on native American affairs. Rather, the image of the stern-faced redskin has been presented by the American Westerns.
What does the author seem to favor?
- A. The study of ancient Native American traditions
- B. The study of ancient American humor
- C. Research into Native American humor
- D. Preservation of Native American languages
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The author expresses a preference for the research into Native American humor. The passage highlights the importance of understanding a group of people through what makes them laugh, indicating that humor provides insights into a group's collective psyche and values. The author laments the lack of attention to the humorous side of Native American life by experts in the field, suggesting a favoritism towards exploring and acknowledging Native American humor.