Nokea
What is a type of pneumonia that is contracted by inhaling contaminated water droplets?
- A. Legionnaires' disease
- B. Tuberculosis
- C. Asbestosis
- D. Histoplasmosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Legionnaires' disease. Legionnaires' disease is caused by inhaling water droplets contaminated with Legionella bacteria. These bacteria thrive in warm water, such as in air conditioning systems and hot tubs. The symptoms of Legionnaires' disease include high fever, cough, and shortness of breath.
B: Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
C: Asbestosis is a lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers, not contaminated water droplets.
D: Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores found in soil with bird or bat droppings, not contaminated water droplets.
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What is the condition where the body's immune system attacks its tissues, causing inflammation and damage?
- A. Autoimmune disease
- B. Infectious disease
- C. Allergic reaction
- D. Degenerative disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Autoimmune disease. In autoimmune diseases, the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. This occurs due to a breakdown in immune tolerance, resulting in the immune system targeting self-antigens. This leads to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. In contrast, infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, allergic reactions are responses to harmless substances, and degenerative diseases involve the gradual deterioration of tissues over time. Therefore, autoimmune disease best fits the description provided in the question.
In the patient with chest pain, which results can differentiate unstable angina from an MI?
- A. ECG changes present at the onset of the pain
- B. A chest x-ray indicating left ventricular hypertrophy
- C. Appearance of troponin in the blood 48 hours after the infarct
- D. Creatine kinase (CK)-MB enzyme elevations that peak 18 hours after the infarct
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: ECG changes distinguish unstable angina from MI.
The nurse is giving digoxin to a client. What is the most important parameter to check before administration?
- A. Heart rate
- B. Blood pressure
- C. Respiratory rate
- D. Oxygen saturation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Digoxin is primarily used to treat heart conditions.
Step 2: Heart rate is crucial as digoxin can affect the heart rhythm.
Step 3: Monitoring heart rate ensures safety and effectiveness of digoxin.
Step 4: Blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation are important but not as directly impacted by digoxin.
The client on warfarin has an INR of 3.8. What is the most appropriate action by the nurse?
- A. Administer vitamin K.
- B. Hold the next dose of warfarin.
- C. Increase the dose of warfarin.
- D. Notify the healthcare provider immediately.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer vitamin K. When a client on warfarin has an INR above the therapeutic range (usually 2-3), like in this case (3.8), administering vitamin K is appropriate to reverse the anticoagulant effects. This helps prevent bleeding complications. Holding the next dose of warfarin (B) may not be sufficient to lower the INR quickly. Increasing the dose of warfarin (C) would further elevate the INR, leading to higher bleeding risk. Notifying the healthcare provider (D) is important, but immediate action with vitamin K is necessary to address the high INR.
What term describes the phenomenon wherein decreased BP causes a reflex SNS response with increased pulse, increased contractility, and vasoconstriction; and increased BP causes reflex vagal responses resulting in decreased heart rate and passive vasodilation in the systemic arterioles?
- A. Baroreflex
- B. Cheyne-Stokes breathing
- C. Frank-Starling Law
- D. Starling reflex
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Baroreflex. The baroreflex is a physiological mechanism that helps regulate blood pressure by responding to changes in pressure. When blood pressure decreases, the baroreceptors detect this change and trigger a sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response, leading to increased heart rate, contractility, and vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure. Conversely, when blood pressure increases, the baroreceptors trigger a parasympathetic (vagal) response, resulting in decreased heart rate and vasodilation to lower blood pressure.
Summary of other choices:
B: Cheyne-Stokes breathing is a pattern of breathing characterized by periodic waxing and waning of tidal volume.
C: Frank-Starling Law describes the relationship between preload and stroke volume, not the response to changes in blood pressure.
D: Starling reflex is not a recognized physiological mechanism related to blood pressure regulation.