Nokea
What is one of the most frequent causes of hypovolemic shock in children?
- A. Sepsis
- B. Blood loss
- C. Anaphylaxis
- D. Congenital heart disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Blood loss is the most frequent cause of hypovolemic shock in children. Sepsis causes septic shock, which is overwhelming sepsis and circulating bacterial toxins. Anaphylactic shock results from extreme allergy or hypersensitivity to a foreign substance. Congenital heart disease contributes to hypervolemia, not hypovolemia.
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The MOST common cause of pulmonary hypertension in pediatric patients is
- A. idiopathic pulmonary hypertension
- B. pulmonary venoocclusive disease
- C. left-sided valvular heart disease
- D. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension is a rare but recognized cause of pulmonary hypertension in children.
Regarding fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in a child:
- A. Normal maintenance requirement in a child weighing 20 kg is 1.5 litre/day
- B. A fluid deficit of 50ml/kg produces a body weight loss of 10%
- C. Hypotension is a useful sign ,which indicates moderate dehydration
- D. Normal maintenance needs of sodium are 5-6mmol/kg/day
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A fluid deficit of 50ml/kg producing a 10% body weight loss is a well-established clinical guideline for assessing dehydration in children. Hypotension is a late sign of severe dehydration, not moderate dehydration.
A client with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has impaired gas exchange from a respiratory infection. Which assessment finding warrants immediate intervention by the nurse?
- A. Elevated temperature
- B. Generalized weakness
- C. Diminished lung sounds
- D. Pain when swallowing
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pain when swallowing could indicate an opportunistic infection such as candidiasis, which requires prompt treatment.
Sinus bradycardia in neonates is considered if sinus rate is
- A. <100 beats/min
- B. <90 beats/min
- C. <80 beats/min
- D. <70 beats/min
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sinus bradycardia in neonates is typically defined as a heart rate <100 beats/min.
A nurse is caring for a child with a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease. Which of the following is a common complication of this disease?
- A. Pulmonary hypertension
- B. Aneurysms of the coronary arteries
- C. Diabetes mellitus
- D. Ventricular arrhythmias
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Aneurysms of the coronary arteries are a common and serious complication of Kawasaki disease.