Nokea
What is the average life expectancy in Canada?
- A. 60 years
- B. 70 years
- C. 80 years
- D. 90 years
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The life expectancy in Canada is estimated to be 80 years, specifically in 2010, it was 78.5 years for males and 82.7 years for females.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of health-related hardiness known as 'challenge'?
- A. Confidence to appraise a health stressor
- B. Ability to modify responses to health stressors
- C. Viewing a health stressor as an opportunity for growth
- D. Optimal psychosocial adaptation to a health stressor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Challenge is the anticipation of change. The person with health-related hardiness, when confronted with a health stressor, possesses sufficient self-mastery and confidence to appraise and modify responses appropriately (control) and cognitively reappraises the health stressor so it is viewed as stimulating and beneficial or an opportunity for growth (challenge).
Patients with chronic illness want the health care system to provide them with which of the following?
- A. Less information
- B. Less travel time
- C. Ways to adjust to disease consequences
- D. Limited information on ways to cope with their symptoms
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patients with chronic illness want the health care system to provide them with ways to adjust to disease consequences such as uncertainty, fear and depression, anger, loneliness, sleep disorders, memory loss, exercise needs, nocturia, sexual dysfunction, and stress. They did not identify wanting less information, less travel time, or limited information on coping strategies but they do also want shorter wait times.
Which of the following models view disability as directly caused by disease or trauma?
- A. Social
- B. Nursing
- C. Medical
- D. Collaborative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The medical model views disability as directly caused by disease, trauma, or another health condition. Disability, from the medical model perspective, necessitates medical care provided in the form of individual treatment by providers to 'correct' the problem with the individual. The social model of disability, conversely, sees disability as a socially created problem and not an inherent attribute of an individual.
Which of the following diseases has the highest proportion of chronic illness deaths in Canada?
- A. Cancer
- B. Diabetes
- C. Cardiovascular disease
- D. Chronic respiratory disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cardiovascular diseases (37%) were responsible for the highest proportion of global deaths in 2012, followed by cancers (7%), chronic respiratory diseases (8%), and diabetes (4%).
What is the most influential source of self-efficacy?
- A. Mastery
- B. Affective states
- C. Verbal persuasion
- D. Vicarious experience
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Four primary influences shape an individual's self-efficacy beliefs: mastery; vicarious experience; verbal persuasion and other social influences; and physiological and affective states that help us judge our capability and our vulnerability to dysfunction. Mastery reflects a belief about whether or not 'we have what it takes to succeed' and is considered the most influential source of self-efficacy.