Nokea
Which of the following statements is true related to nonmodifiable risk factors for chronic illness?
- A. Cannot be changed
- B. Requires intervention in order to change
- C. Can be altered to benefit health outcomes
- D. Can be changed with patient perseverance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nonmodifiable risk factors cannot be changed. Requiring intervention in order to change, altering, and changed with perseverance all indicate that change is possible.
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Which of the following patient statements reflect an outcome expectancy statement?
- A. I am not able to exercise.
- B. Exercise helps people lose weight.
- C. Exercise is too hard on my arthritis.
- D. Dietary restrictions work better than exercise to lose weight.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: An outcome expectancy is the individual's belief that a specific behaviour will lead to certain outcomes. For example, the patient who tells the nurse that exercising helps people to lose weight is voicing an outcome expectancy.
Which of the following levels are part of the patient response to health care recommendations based on a continuum of self-care?
- A. Compliance
- B. Adherence
- C. Self-care
- D. Denial
- E. Acceptance
Correct Answer: A,B,C
Rationale: Compliance, adherence, and self-care make up the three levels of patient response to health care recommendations on a continuum of self-care. Compliance reflects coercion of the patient to engage in particular recommendations, whereas adherence implies conformity of the patient with the recommendations. Self-care connotes a therapeutic alliance between the patient and the provider. Adherence is now the term most widely accepted because it incorporates the notion of the patient agreeing with the treatment plan presented by the health care provider.
Which of the following factors has a major impact on the development of chronic illness?
- A. Poverty
- B. Social stability
- C. Urban dwelling
- D. High school diploma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Poverty and socioeconomic disadvantage are recognized to have a major impact on the development of chronic illness. Social stability, urban living, and having a high school education are not factors contributing to the development of chronic illness.
Which of the following is a characteristic of health-related hardiness known as 'challenge'?
- A. Confidence to appraise a health stressor
- B. Ability to modify responses to health stressors
- C. Viewing a health stressor as an opportunity for growth
- D. Optimal psychosocial adaptation to a health stressor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Challenge is the anticipation of change. The person with health-related hardiness, when confronted with a health stressor, possesses sufficient self-mastery and confidence to appraise and modify responses appropriately (control) and cognitively reappraises the health stressor so it is viewed as stimulating and beneficial or an opportunity for growth (challenge).
Which of the following is an example of multimorbidity?
- A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a urinary tract infection
- B. Lung cancer and pneumonia
- C. Chronic kidney disease and appendicitis
- D. Diabetes and exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Multimorbidity is the simultaneous occurrence of several chronic medical conditions, which may or may not be related to each other, in the same person. Pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and appendicitis are all acute conditions.