Nokea
What is the best response to a patient with a right above-the-knee amputation asking about phantom limb pain?
- A. Phantom limb pain is not explained or predicted by any one theory.
- B. Phantom limb pain occurs because your body thinks your leg is still present.
- C. Phantom limb pain will not interfere with your activities of daily living.
- D. Phantom limb pain is not real pain, but remembered pain.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Phantom limb pain is a complex phenomenon not fully understood and requires careful explanation.
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Which of the following is a branch of the mandibular nerve
- A. Infraorbital nerve
- B. External nasal nerve
- C. Zygomaticofacial nerve
- D. Auricolotemporal nerve
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve. It supplies sensation to the temple and external ear.
In Drosophila, the neuroectoderm is located ventrally during gastrulation, while in mice or frogs, the neuroectoderm is located dorsally. Which statement best describes how the two systems are similar or different?
- A. There are no similarities between flies and vertebrates in development of the nervous system.
- B. Although gastrulation is completely different in invertebrates and vertebrates, the formation of a neural tube is identical in the two types of animals.
- C. There is little similarity, since the neuroectoderm of invertebrates forms their nervous system with no further morphological changes, while in vertebrates, the neural tube forms a bundle of neurons running along the antero-posterior axis called the spinal cord.
- D. Although the invertebrate nervous system is a ventrally located nerve cord, and the vertebrate spinal cord is located dorsally, homologous genes play a role, and neurons are ultimately specified through a process of lateral inhibition in both cases.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Despite differences in the location of the neuroectoderm (ventral in Drosophila, dorsal in vertebrates), both systems share similarities in the genetic mechanisms underlying neural development. Homologous genes, such as those involved in lateral inhibition, play crucial roles in specifying neurons in both invertebrates and vertebrates. This highlights the evolutionary conservation of developmental processes despite morphological differences.
The release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles:
- A. takes place by exocytosis
- B. is controlled by neuronal calcium influx
- C. is quantal
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neurotransmitter release occurs via exocytosis, is triggered by calcium influx, and is quantal (released in discrete packets). These mechanisms ensure precise synaptic transmission.
Cell bodies for the motor supply of the facial nerve lie
- A. Hypothalamus
- B. Midbrain
- C. Floor of the third ventricle
- D. Pons
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The motor nucleus of the facial nerve is located in the pons. It controls muscles of facial expression, such as the orbicularis oculi and buccinator.
The nurse practitioner is reviewing the chart of a patient who is scheduled to receive their first dose of sumatriptan (Imitrex) in the clinic today. Past medical history is positive for only migraines. Which of the following requires further evaluation before the medication is administered?
- A. Recent naproxen (Naprosyn) use
- B. Current blood pressure 142/90 mmHg
- C. Resting pulse rate of 61 bpm
- D. Adverse reaction to ubrogepant (Ubrelvy)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Current blood pressure 142/90 mmHg. Before administering sumatriptan, the nurse practitioner should further evaluate the patient's elevated blood pressure to ensure it is not contraindicated for the medication. Sumatriptan can potentially increase blood pressure, so it is crucial to monitor and address any hypertension before giving the medication.
Choice A: Recent naproxen use is not a direct contraindication for sumatriptan. Both medications are commonly used together for migraine treatment.
Choice C: A resting pulse rate of 61 bpm is within the normal range and does not require further evaluation before administering sumatriptan.
Choice D: Adverse reaction to ubrogepant is not relevant for evaluating the safety of sumatriptan. Each medication has its own set of potential side effects and interactions.