Nokea
What is the biological vector for African sleeping sickness?
- A. mosquito
- B. tsetse fly
- C. deer tick
- D. sand fly
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: tsetse fly. Tsetse flies are the biological vectors for African sleeping sickness, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Tsetse flies transmit the parasite through their bite, leading to the infection in humans. Mosquitoes (choice A), deer ticks (choice C), and sand flies (choice D) are vectors for other diseases such as malaria, Lyme disease, and leishmaniasis, respectively. Therefore, they are not associated with the transmission of African sleeping sickness.
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When teaching a patient with a seizure disorder about the medication regimen, what is it most important for the nurse to emphasize?
- A. The patient should increase the dosage of the medication if stress is increased.
- B. Most over-the-counter and prescription drugs are safe to take with antiseizure drugs.
- C. Stopping the medication abruptly may increase the intensity and frequency of seizures.
- D. If gingival hypertrophy occurs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Abrupt discontinuation of antiseizure drugs can lead to rebound seizures
Which myotome is responsible for shoulder abduction
- A. C4
- B. C5
- C. C6
- D. C7
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The C5 and C6 nerve roots innervate the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles, which are responsible for shoulder abduction. This is important in assessing brachial plexus injuries.
The health care provider has ordered IV dopamine (Intropin) for a patient in the emergency department with a spinal cord injury. The nurse determines that the drug is having the desired effect when what is observed in patient assessment?
- A. Heart rate of 68 bpm
- B. Respiratory rate of 24
- C. Blood pressure of 106/82 mm Hg
- D. Temperature of 96.8°F (36.0°C)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Improved blood pressure indicates effective treatment.
The human nervous system is capable of a wide range of functions. What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
- A. Glial cell
- B. Meninges
- C. Neuron
- D. Cerebrospinal fluid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals. Glial cells support neurons, meninges are protective layers around the brain and spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid cushions the central nervous system. Understanding the neuron's role is fundamental to studying nervous system function.
An elderly patient is brought to the clinic for confusion, horizontal eye movement bilaterally, and intermittent disorientation to time and place over the past 3 months. The patient has a history of alcoholism for 30 years. Which dementia type is the patient most likely experiencing?
- A. Wernicke’s encephalopathy
- B. Pick’s disease
- C. Lewy bodies
- D. Parkinson’s disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Wernicke's encephalopathy. This patient's history of chronic alcoholism puts them at risk for thiamine deficiency, leading to Wernicke's encephalopathy. Symptoms such as confusion, horizontal eye movement abnormalities (nystagmus), and disorientation are classic features. Pick's disease (B) is a rare form of frontotemporal dementia with distinct pathological features. Lewy bodies (C) are associated with dementia with Lewy bodies, characterized by visual hallucinations and parkinsonism. Parkinson's disease (D) primarily presents with motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity, not cognitive deficits like this patient.