Nokea
What is the diversity of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like?
- A. Highly diverse due to somatic recombination
- B. Limited because they are germline-encoded
- C. Constantly changing in response to infections
- D. Specific to individual antigens
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are encoded in the germline, meaning they are genetically determined and do not change during an individual's lifetime. This ensures consistency in detecting various pathogens across different individuals. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because PRR diversity is not influenced by somatic recombination, does not change constantly in response to infections, and is not specific to individual antigens.
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Which statement indicates that the patient needs further instruction about application of ice to a sprain?
- A. "I know this ice will reduce the swelling."
- B. "I will keep the ice on this knee for the rest of the day."
- C. "I will use the ice as you have directed for 24 hours."
- D. "I can elevate my leg and use ice to reduce swelling."
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because keeping ice on the knee for the rest of the day can lead to skin damage or frostbite. Choice A is correct as it acknowledges the purpose of ice in reducing swelling. Choice C shows understanding of using ice as directed. Choice D indicates proper understanding of combining elevation with ice for swelling reduction.
PNAd is expressed on
- A. HEV
- B. Lymphocytes
- C. Dendritic cells
- D. Thymus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: HEV (High Endothelial Venules). PNAd is a ligand expressed on high endothelial venules, which helps in the recruitment of lymphocytes from the bloodstream into secondary lymphoid organs. PNAd is not primarily expressed on lymphocytes themselves (B) or dendritic cells (C). While PNAd can be involved in thymocyte migration to the thymus, it is not expressed on the thymus itself (D). Thus, the correct answer is A as it directly relates to the function and location of PNAd expression.
What is the primary function of anaphylotoxins (e.g., C3a, C4a, C5a) in the immune system?
- A. Suppressing inflammation
- B. Facilitating antigen presentation
- C. Inducing inflammation and recruiting immune cells
- D. Neutralizing pathogens
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inducing inflammation and recruiting immune cells. Anaphylotoxins, such as C3a, C4a, and C5a, are small molecules that are released during complement activation. They play a crucial role in enhancing inflammation by attracting immune cells to the site of infection or injury.
1. Anaphylotoxins induce inflammation by stimulating the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
2. They promote vasodilation and increase vascular permeability, allowing immune cells to easily reach the affected area.
3. Anaphylotoxins also act as chemoattractants, recruiting neutrophils, macrophages, and other immune cells to the site of inflammation to help fight against pathogens.
4. These molecules do not suppress inflammation (choice A), facilitate antigen presentation (choice B), or neutralize pathogens (choice D). Their primary function is to amplify the immune response by inducing inflammation and recruiting immune cells to combat infections
CD8+ T cells
- A. Have cytotoxic function
- B. Recognize antigen in the context of MHC I molecules
- C. Can kill virus-infected cells
- D. Can kill tumor cells
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I apologize, but the question you provided does not have a correct answer option listed. Could you please provide the correct answer option for me to provide a detailed explanation of why it is correct and summarize why the other choices are incorrect?
Examples of disease-modifying drugs used to treat autoimmune disease include
- A. Corticosteroids
- B. Aspirin
- C. Anti-TNF-α
- D. C-cell depleting agents
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C (Anti-TNF-α) is correct:
1. Anti-TNF-α drugs target specific molecules involved in autoimmune responses.
2. By inhibiting TNF-α, these drugs reduce inflammation and slow disease progression.
3. This makes them disease-modifying, as they alter the course of the autoimmune disease.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory but not disease-modifying in autoimmune diseases.
B: Aspirin is primarily used for pain relief and reducing inflammation, not modifying the disease.
D: C-cell depleting agents are not commonly used for autoimmune diseases and do not target TNF-α.