Nokea
How do regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homeostasis?
- A. By killing infected cells
- B. By producing pro-inflammatory cytokines
- C. By suppressing immune responses using IL-10
- D. By activating macrophages
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune homeostasis by suppressing immune responses using IL-10. Tregs release IL-10, which inhibits the activity of effector T cells and other immune cells, preventing excessive immune responses and maintaining balance. This mechanism helps prevent autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because Tregs do not kill infected cells, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, or activate macrophages. Instead, Tregs focus on regulating and dampening immune responses to maintain overall immune balance.
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CD8+ T cells
- A. Have cytotoxic function
- B. Recognize antigen in the context of MHC I molecules
- C. Can kill virus-infected cells
- D. Can kill tumor cells
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I apologize, but the question you provided does not have a correct answer option listed. Could you please provide the correct answer option for me to provide a detailed explanation of why it is correct and summarize why the other choices are incorrect?
In reference to the flow diagram below respond to the following question. The annotation A refers to which sites
- A. Annealing
- B. Melting
- C. Restriction
- D. RNAse
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Restriction. In a flow diagram, the annotation "Restriction" likely indicates the site where a DNA molecule is being cut by a restriction enzyme. This process is essential in molecular biology for DNA manipulation.
Choice A: Annealing involves the process of complementary DNA strands coming together, usually during PCR or hybridization.
Choice B: Melting refers to the separation of double-stranded DNA into single strands, often seen in denaturation steps.
Choice D: RNAse is an enzyme that specifically degrades RNA molecules, not involved in the DNA manipulation processes indicated in the diagram.
Priority Decision: Key interventions for treating soft tissue injury and resulting inflammation are remembered using the acronym RICE. What are the most important actions for the emergency department nurse to do for the patient with an ankle injury?
- A. Reduce swelling, shine light on wound, control mobility, and elicit the history of the injury
- B. Rub the wound clean, immobilize the area, cover the area protectively, and exercise that leg
- C. Rest with immobility, apply a cold compress, apply a compress bandage, and elevate the ankle
- D. Rinse the wounded ankle, image the ankle, carry the patient, and extend the ankle with imaging
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation, which are critical steps in managing acute soft tissue injuries like sprains. These actions help reduce swelling, limit further damage, and promote healing.
Which of the following is an important nursing intervention for HIV-positive clients?
- A. Suggesting the use of herbal medications and alternate therapies.
- B. Suggesting the use of psychostimulants such as methamphetamine.
- C. Advising client to avoid clinical drug trials.
- D. Providing referral to support groups and resources for information.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Providing referrals to support groups and resources helps clients manage their condition and access necessary care.
What role do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play in the immune response?
- A. They identify self-antigens
- B. They mediate phagocytosis directly
- C. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- D. They suppress cytokine secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens, initiating the immune response. This recognition triggers the production of cytokines and chemokines, leading to inflammation and activation of immune cells. Choice A is incorrect because TLRs do not identify self-antigens but rather foreign antigens. Choice B is incorrect as TLRs do not directly mediate phagocytosis but rather initiate signaling pathways that lead to phagocytosis by immune cells. Choice D is incorrect because TLRs do not suppress cytokine secretion; rather, they stimulate cytokine production.