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The nurse is reinforcing teaching to a person being tested for HIV in a clinic. Which test should the nurse explain is done first in HIV testing?
- A. ELISA test
- B. Western blot test
- C. Viral load studies
- D. Rheumatoid factor test
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ELISA test. The ELISA test is typically the initial screening test for HIV due to its high sensitivity in detecting HIV antibodies. It is cost-effective and quick. Western blot test is a confirmatory test used if ELISA is positive. Viral load studies monitor the progression of the disease but are not typically done first. Rheumatoid factor test is unrelated to HIV testing. Therefore, the ELISA test is the most appropriate initial step in HIV testing.
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Which complement components are primarily involved in Type III hypersensitivity?
- A. C1 and C4
- B. C3a and C5a
- C. C5b and C6
- D. C2 and C7
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: C3a and C5a. In Type III hypersensitivity reactions, immune complexes form and deposit in tissues, leading to complement activation. C3a and C5a are anaphylatoxins released during complement activation, causing inflammation and tissue damage in Type III hypersensitivity.
Rationale:
A: C1 and C4 are primarily involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
C: C5b and C6 are part of the membrane attack complex in the classical pathway of complement activation, not specific to Type III hypersensitivity.
D: C2 and C7 are involved in the classical pathway of complement activation but not directly implicated in Type III hypersensitivity reactions.
What is the correct order of steps needed for 2nd generation sequencing?
- A. DNA fragmentation, DNA isolation, amplification, primer ligation, sequencing
- B. Amplification, primer ligation, sequencing, DNA fragmentation, DNA isolation
- C. DNA isolation, DNA fragmentation, primer ligation, amplification, sequencing
- D. Sequencing, DNA isolation, DNA fragmentation, primer ligation, amplification
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct order of steps for 2nd generation sequencing is C: DNA isolation, DNA fragmentation, primer ligation, amplification, sequencing. Firstly, DNA isolation is crucial to extract the DNA from the sample. Next, DNA fragmentation breaks the DNA into smaller fragments for sequencing. Primer ligation involves attaching primers to the DNA fragments. Amplification is necessary to make multiple copies of the DNA fragments for sequencing. Finally, sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of the DNA fragments. This order ensures that the DNA is properly prepared and amplified before sequencing, leading to accurate results.
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the correct sequence of steps required for 2nd generation sequencing. Incorrect sequences may lead to errors in the sequencing process and inaccurate results.
What are the recommended measures to prevent the transmission of health care–associated infections (HAIs) (select all that apply)?
- A. Empty bedpans as soon as possible
- B. Use personal protective equipment
- C. Hand washing or alcohol-based sanitizing
- D. Have patients wear sandals in the shower
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer includes options B and C. Using personal protective equipment and practicing proper hand hygiene are critical measures to prevent HAIs. Emptying bedpans promptly and having patients wear sandals in the shower are not directly related to preventing HAIs.
APECED is a rare autoimmune disease caused by deficiency of
- A. CTLA-4
- B. AIRE
- C. Tregs
- D. TGF-β
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: AIRE. APECED (Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy) is caused by mutations in the AIRE gene. AIRE is responsible for regulating the expression of self-antigens in the thymus, crucial for the development of immune tolerance. Deficiency in AIRE leads to the production of autoantibodies and autoimmune manifestations.
Incorrect options:
A: CTLA-4 is involved in downregulating immune responses but is not directly linked to APECED.
C: Tregs (regulatory T cells) play a role in immune tolerance, but APECED is not directly caused by their deficiency.
D: TGF-β is a cytokine involved in immune regulation, but its deficiency does not lead to APECED.
Cardiac output
- A. coronary insufficient circulation
- B. A defect in one or more heart valves
- C. Disorder in a heartbeat
- D. Amount of blood/minute pumped into systemic circuit
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart into the systemic circulation per minute. It is a crucial measure of heart function. Option A, coronary insufficient circulation, specifically refers to inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle itself, not overall cardiac output. Option B, a defect in heart valves, would affect the efficiency of blood flow but not necessarily the total amount of blood pumped. Option C, a disorder in heart rhythm, relates to irregular heartbeat patterns rather than the volume of blood pumped. Therefore, D is the correct choice as it directly relates to the definition of cardiac output.