Nokea
What is the function of water in photosynthesis?
- A. Combine with carbon dioxide
- B. Absorb light energy
- C. Supply electrons in the light reactions
- D. Transport hydrogen ions in the dark reactions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Water plays a crucial role in photosynthesis by supplying electrons in the light reactions of the process. During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water molecules are split, releasing oxygen and providing electrons that are used to drive the production of energy-rich molecules like ATP and NADPH. This electron transfer process is essential for converting light energy into chemical energy, which is then used in the subsequent steps of photosynthesis to produce glucose and other organic compounds.
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Which of the following DNA strands would complement the segment: ACTTGCA?
- A. TGAACGT
- B. GACCATG
- C. ACTTGCA
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G). To find the complementary strand, you need to match each base with its complementary base. The segment ACTTGCA consists of bases A, C, T, T, G, C, A, which would pair with T, G, A, A, C, G, T, respectively. Therefore, the complementary strand would be TGAACGT. Thus, option A (TGAACGT) is the correct choice as it follows the base-pairing rules in DNA.
Where is the apical side of an epithelial cell located?
- A. Is exposed to fluid or air
- B. Is on the top side of the cell
- C. Does not allow any substances to pass through
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The apical side of an epithelial cell refers to the top surface of the cell that is exposed to the external environment, such as fluid or air. This surface is specialized to perform specific functions like absorption, secretion, or protection. The apical side faces the lumen or external environment and is crucial for the cell's interactions with its surroundings. Therefore, the correct answer is that the apical side of an epithelial cell is on the top side of the cell.
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
- A. To copy DNA
- B. To facilitate breathing
- C. To convert nutrients to energy
- D. To enable cell division
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process in cells where nutrients are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP. This energy is essential for powering various cellular functions and activities. Therefore, the primary goal of cellular respiration is to convert nutrients into energy, providing the cell with the necessary fuel to efficiently carry out its functions.
What type of bond connects sugar and phosphate in DNA?
- A. hydrogen
- B. ionic
- C. covalent
- D. overt
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is covalent (Choice C). In DNA, the bond connecting the sugar and phosphate groups is a phosphodiester bond, which is a type of covalent bond. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, forming strong and stable connections. Hydrogen bonds are important in DNA structure but are not the primary bond connecting sugar and phosphate. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, which is not the case in sugar-phosphate bonds. 'Overt' is not a term used to describe the bond between sugar and phosphate in DNA.
Epithelial cells are:
- A. Polarized
- B. Neutral
- C. Larger than other cells
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Epithelial cells are polarized, meaning they have distinct structural and functional differences between their apical and basolateral surfaces. This polarity allows them to perform specialized functions efficiently. The statement that epithelial cells are larger than other cells is incorrect as cell size can vary across different cell types, and being larger is not a defining characteristic of epithelial cells.