Nokea
What is the medical term for a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel?
- A. Thrombosis
- B. Embolus
- C. Hemorrhage
- D. Hemostasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Thrombosis. Thrombosis refers to the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel. The process involves the coagulation of blood components to form a clot. This can lead to blockages in blood vessels, potentially causing serious health issues like stroke or heart attack.
Choice B: Embolus refers to a blood clot that has traveled from its original site and lodged in a different blood vessel. Choice C: Hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding. Choice D: Hemostasis refers to the body's process of stopping bleeding, not the formation of a blood clot.
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Lysozyme is NOT
- A. An enzyme present in secretions and tears
- B. A type of Defensin
- C. Part of the chemical innate barriers to infection
- D. A protein capable of dissolving the cell wall of bacteria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because lysozyme is not a type of defensin. Lysozyme is an enzyme present in secretions and tears, part of chemical innate barriers to infection, and capable of dissolving the cell wall of bacteria. Defensins are a different type of antimicrobial peptides that function by disrupting the microbial cell membrane. Therefore, B is the correct answer as it does not accurately describe lysozyme's function.
The clonal selection theory explains:
- A. That one given lymphocyte expresses multiple antigen receptors with different specificity
- B. That antigens influence the generation of antigen receptors during lymphocyte development
- C. How the immune response to an antigen increases the number of lymphocytes specific for that antigen
- D. The increase in blood neutrophils observed during bacterial infections
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Clonal selection theory states that specific lymphocytes are activated by antigens.
2. Upon activation, these lymphocytes proliferate to form a clone of cells specific to the antigen.
3. This increases the number of lymphocytes specific for the antigen.
4. Choice C correctly aligns with the essence of clonal selection theory.
Summary:
A: Incorrect - Clonal selection theory does not involve a single lymphocyte expressing multiple antigen receptors.
B: Incorrect - Antigens do not influence the generation of antigen receptors, but rather activate specific lymphocytes.
D: Incorrect - Clonal selection theory focuses on lymphocyte response to antigens, not neutrophil increase during infections.
What is the main limitation of innate immunity compared to adaptive immunity?
- A. It cannot produce cytokines
- B. It lacks memory and specificity
- C. It does not include physical barriers
- D. It cannot activate complement
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The main limitation of innate immunity compared to adaptive immunity is that innate immunity lacks memory and specificity. This means that innate immune responses do not improve upon repeated exposure to the same pathogen and cannot target specific antigens efficiently. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, can remember previous encounters with pathogens and mount targeted responses. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because innate immunity can produce cytokines, includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and can activate complement as part of its defense mechanisms.
The way in which some organism supplies some other organism with food and energy known as
- A. Food chains
- B. Food Network
- C. Pyramid of power
- D. levels of nutrition
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Food chains. A food chain depicts the flow of energy and nutrients from one organism to another in an ecosystem. It shows how energy is transferred from producers to consumers. Food network (B) is a more complex and interconnected system than a simple linear chain. Pyramid of power (C) represents the energy flow in an ecosystem, not the transfer of food. Levels of nutrition (D) is not a term commonly used to describe how organisms transfer food and energy.
Which of the following is a clinical feature of Grave's disease?
- A. Pulmonary fibrosis
- B. Exophthalmos and goiter
- C. Skin vasculitis
- D. Eczematous reaction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Exophthalmos and goiter. In Grave's disease, there is an overproduction of thyroid hormones leading to hyperthyroidism. Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) and goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) are classic clinical features due to autoimmune stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors. Pulmonary fibrosis (A) is not typically associated with Grave's disease. Skin vasculitis (C) and eczematous reaction (D) are also not commonly seen in Grave's disease.