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What is the most influential factor in determining health outcomes?
- A. Genetic predisposition to diseases
- B. Socioeconomic status
- C. Access to health care services
- D. Lifestyle choices
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status encompasses various factors such as income, education, and occupation, which significantly impact access to resources like nutritious food, safe housing, and quality healthcare. Individuals with higher socioeconomic status tend to have better health outcomes due to better access to preventive care, healthier living conditions, and the ability to afford necessary treatments. This influence on health outcomes is more pronounced than genetic predisposition, access to healthcare services, and lifestyle choices, as socioeconomic disparities play a crucial role in determining overall health and well-being.
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Which of the following is not a common causative agent of bacterial meningitis?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Neisseria meningitidis
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. Haemophilus influenzae
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Bacterial meningitis is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae.
Step 2: Staphylococcus aureus is not a common causative agent of bacterial meningitis.
Step 3: Staphylococcus aureus is more commonly associated with skin and soft tissue infections.
Summary: Choices A, B, and D are common causative agents of bacterial meningitis, while choice C, Staphylococcus aureus, is not commonly associated with this infection.
Which sign or reflex is used to diagnose meningitis?
- A. Homan's sign
- B. Brudzinski
- C. Startle
- D. Anterior drawer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Brudzinski sign. This sign is used to diagnose meningitis because it involves the involuntary flexion of the hips and knees when the neck is flexed. This reflex is indicative of meningeal irritation and is a classic sign of meningitis.
A: Homan's sign is used to assess for deep vein thrombosis, not meningitis.
C: Startle reflex is a normal response to a sudden unexpected stimulus, not specific to meningitis.
D: Anterior drawer test is used to assess for ligamentous instability in the knee, not related to meningitis.
You are preparing a patient for surgery and completing the preoperative checklist. Which of the following is not typically part of the preoperative checklist?
- A. Assessing for allergies
- B. Conducting the Time Out
- C. Ensuring that informed consent is signed
- D. Ensuring that the history and physical examination have been completed
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Conducting the Time Out is typically part of the surgical safety checklist during the actual surgery, not the preoperative checklist.
2. Assessing for allergies is important to prevent adverse reactions during surgery.
3. Ensuring informed consent is signed is crucial for legal and ethical reasons.
4. Ensuring history and physical examination are completed helps in assessing the patient's health status before surgery.
Therefore, choice B is not typically part of the preoperative checklist, making it the correct answer.
What is the primary focus of public health?
- A. Preventing disease and promoting health
- B. Providing health education
- C. Ensuring access to health care services
- D. Reducing health disparities
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The primary focus of public health is preventing disease and promoting health. This is because public health aims to improve the overall health of populations through preventive measures such as vaccinations, health education, and policy interventions. By focusing on prevention, public health addresses the root causes of health issues and promotes well-being on a larger scale. Providing health education (choice B) is a component of public health but not the primary focus. Ensuring access to health care services (choice C) is important but falls under healthcare delivery rather than public health. Reducing health disparities (choice D) is a goal of public health but not the primary focus, as it is a part of the broader mission to promote health equity.
Which is an example of tertiary prevention?
- A. Providing rehabilitation services
- B. Diagnosing and treating disease
- C. Health education to prevent complications
- D. Screening for complications
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because tertiary prevention focuses on managing and rehabilitating individuals who already have a disease or condition to prevent further complications and improve quality of life. Providing rehabilitation services falls under tertiary prevention as it aims to restore function and reduce disability post-diagnosis.
B: Diagnosing and treating disease is considered secondary prevention, which aims to detect and treat diseases early to prevent progression.
C: Health education to prevent complications is an example of primary prevention, which aims to prevent the development of diseases or conditions.
D: Screening for complications is part of secondary prevention, as it involves early detection and treatment to prevent complications.