Nokea
What is the name of a tumor from the embryonal mesoderm tissue of origin located in the anatomic site of the meninges that has malignant behavior?
- A. Meningitis
- B. Meningioma
- C. Meningocele
- D. Meningeal sarcoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Meningeal sarcoma is a malignant tumor originating from the mesodermal tissue of the meninges.
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Which type of cell produces antibodies?
- A. Helper T cells
- B. Plasma cells
- C. Cytotoxic T cells
- D. Regulatory T cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Plasma cells. Plasma cells are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies in response to antigens. They are essential in the immune response to help fight off infections and other diseases. Helper T cells (A) assist other immune cells but do not directly produce antibodies. Cytotoxic T cells (C) are responsible for killing infected cells, not producing antibodies. Regulatory T cells (D) help regulate the immune response but do not produce antibodies. In summary, only plasma cells are specifically designed to produce antibodies in the immune system.
Which antibodies are involved in Type II hypersensitivity?
- A. IgE and IgA
- B. IgG and IgM
- C. IgD and IgG
- D. IgM and IgA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (IgG and IgM) because in Type II hypersensitivity, antibodies target antigens on cell surfaces or tissues. IgG and IgM antibodies are involved in this type of immune response by binding to antigens and triggering cell destruction through complement activation or phagocytosis. IgE and IgA (choice A) are typically associated with Type I and Type III hypersensitivity, respectively. IgD (choice C) is primarily involved in B cell activation, while IgA (choice D) is more commonly associated with mucosal immunity.
Concerning multiple sclerosis (MS), which of the following is NOT correct
- A. Some HLA alleles confer susceptibility to MS
- B. A gender bias is observed with females more at risk for MS than males
- C. Exhibits a North-South gradient, with a higher incidence reported for populations living above the equator
- D. Affects mostly individuals over 65 yrs. of age
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because multiple sclerosis (MS) typically affects individuals between 20-50 years old, with the most common age of onset being between 20-40 years. MS is not primarily a disease of older individuals over 65 years. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because various HLA alleles have been associated with MS susceptibility, females are indeed more at risk for MS than males, and there is a known North-South gradient in MS incidence, with higher rates reported for populations living farther from the equator.
A 28-year-old male Gulf War veteran tells the nurse he gets a headache, sore throat, shortness of breath, and nausea when his girlfriend wears perfume and when he was painting her apartment. He is afraid he has cancer. What does the nurse suspect may be the patient’s problem?
- A. He has posttraumatic stress disorder.
- B. He has multiple chemical sensitivities.
- C. He needs to wear a mask when he paints.
- D. He is looking for an excuse to break up with his girlfriend.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Multiple chemical sensitivities could explain the patient's symptoms triggered by exposure to various chemicals.
The interaction of a TCR with its specific antigen is denoted as "signal 1" of activation and does NOT need the contribution of which of the following components
- A. TCR α-chain
- B. TCR β-chain
- C. 28
- D. MHC molecule
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. "Signal 1" activation requires TCR to interact with its specific antigen.
2. TCR consists of α and β chains, which are essential for antigen recognition.
3. MHC molecule is crucial for presenting antigens to TCR for recognition.
4. Choice C (28) is not a component involved in TCR-antigen interaction.
5. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it does not contribute to "signal 1" activation.
Summary:
A and B are incorrect as TCR α and β chains are necessary for antigen recognition.
D is incorrect as MHC molecule is essential for presenting antigens to TCR.
C is correct as it is not involved in the TCR-antigen interaction process.