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What is the narrowing of the arteries due to the buildup of plaque, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes?
- A. Coronary artery disease
- B. Peripheral artery disease
- C. Aortic stenosis
- D. Mitral valve prolapse
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery disease. This condition involves the narrowing of arteries supplying blood to the heart due to plaque buildup. Plaque can lead to blockages, causing heart attacks and strokes. Peripheral artery disease (B) affects arteries outside the heart. Aortic stenosis (C) is the narrowing of the aortic valve, not arteries. Mitral valve prolapse (D) is a condition affecting the mitral valve, not arteries. Therefore, A is the correct answer.
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Which condition is characterized by a chronic cough that produces mucus, often caused by long-term exposure to irritants?
- A. Chronic bronchitis
- B. Tuberculosis
- C. Asthma
- D. Sinusitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a chronic cough that produces mucus due to long-term exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke or air pollution. This condition leads to inflammation and narrowing of the airways, resulting in excessive mucus production. Tuberculosis (B) is a bacterial infection causing symptoms like coughing up blood, while asthma (C) is characterized by wheezing and shortness of breath. Sinusitis (D) involves inflammation of the sinuses, leading to symptoms like facial pain and congestion.
Mr. Ross experiences nausea and vomiting as the result of receiving large-volume irradiation to his thoracic region. Which is the best approach in planning to meet his nutritional needs?
- A. Plan for frequent small meals of palatable foods
- B. Offer Mr. Ross three balanced meals a day
- C. Determine Mr. Ross' caloric needs
- D. Ask the physician to prescribe an oral antiemetic for p.r.n. use
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Frequent small meals can help manage nausea and improve intake compared to large meals.
The client on warfarin has an INR of 1.2. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Increase the dose of warfarin
- B. Administer vitamin K
- C. Monitor for signs of bleeding
- D. Hold the next dose and notify the healthcare provider
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Increase the dose of warfarin. INR of 1.2 indicates subtherapeutic levels. The nurse's priority is to adjust the dose to achieve a therapeutic range (usually 2-3). Increasing the dose is essential to prevent clot formation. Administering vitamin K (B) is not indicated for a low INR. Monitoring for bleeding (C) is important, but not the priority when the INR is subtherapeutic. Holding the next dose and notifying the healthcare provider (D) may be necessary if the INR is too high, not low.
What is the primary effect of a calcium channel blocker on the heart?
- A. Decreases heart rate
- B. Increases heart rate
- C. Increases blood pressure
- D. Decreases blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary effect of a calcium channel blocker on the heart is to decrease blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers block the entry of calcium into the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and the heart. This causes vasodilation and reduces the force of contraction in the heart, leading to a decrease in blood pressure. Choices A and B are incorrect as calcium channel blockers typically do not directly affect heart rate. Choice C is incorrect because calcium channel blockers actually tend to lower blood pressure rather than increase it.
The nurse is monitoring a client on dobutamine. What adverse effect should the nurse watch for?
- A. Tachycardia
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Hypertension
- D. Respiratory distress
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tachycardia. Dobutamine is a beta-adrenergic agonist that stimulates the heart, increasing heart rate and contractility. Therefore, tachycardia is an expected adverse effect. Bradycardia (B) would be unlikely due to dobutamine's cardiac stimulant effects. Hypertension (C) could occur but is less common than tachycardia. Respiratory distress (D) is not a common adverse effect of dobutamine.