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What is the primary reason that older adults often experience adverse drug reactions?
- A. Their body metabolizes drugs faster than younger adults
- B. They typically take fewer medications
- C. They have slower renal and hepatic function
- D. They have better immune function
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because older adults often experience adverse drug reactions due to their slower renal and hepatic function. This leads to a decreased ability to clear drugs from the body efficiently, increasing the risk of drug accumulation and toxicity. Choice A is incorrect because aging typically results in slower drug metabolism, not faster. Choice B is also incorrect as older adults tend to take more medications, increasing the likelihood of drug interactions and adverse reactions. Choice D is incorrect because aging is associated with a decline in immune function, making older adults more susceptible to adverse drug reactions.
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Decreased functioning of which physical structure is likely to result in decreased metabolism in older adults?
- A. Kidney
- B. Thyroid gland
- C. Brain
- D. Skeleton
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thyroid gland. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism. In older adults, decreased thyroid function, known as hypothyroidism, can lead to a decrease in metabolism. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and slowed heart rate.
A: Kidney - While the kidneys play a role in filtering waste and maintaining fluid balance, decreased kidney function typically does not directly impact metabolism.
C: Brain - The brain plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, but it does not directly control metabolism.
D: Skeleton - The skeleton provides structural support and protects organs but does not directly influence metabolism.
What is the primary goal of the Program for All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE)?
- A. To provide intensive medical treatment for seniors
- B. To ensure nursing home placement for frail seniors
- C. To offer holistic care that allows older adults to live in the community
- D. To reduce healthcare costs for elderly populations
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: To offer holistic care that allows older adults to live in the community. PACE aims to provide comprehensive and coordinated care to help seniors remain independent in their homes and communities. This includes medical, social, and behavioral services. Choice A is incorrect as PACE focuses on holistic care rather than just intensive medical treatment. Choice B is incorrect as PACE aims to prevent nursing home placement by supporting older adults to live at home. Choice D is incorrect as while PACE may help reduce healthcare costs through preventive and coordinated care, the primary goal is to support seniors in living in the community.
A case manager is likely to have how many years of nursing education?
- A. 1 to 1.5
- B. 4 to 6
- C. 2
- D. 8 or more
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 2 years. A case manager typically requires a minimum of 2 years of nursing education to effectively coordinate care for patients. This level of education provides the necessary knowledge and skills to assess, plan, implement, and evaluate patient care.
- A: 1 to 1.5 years - Insufficient to acquire the depth of knowledge needed for case management.
- B: 4 to 6 years - Excessive for the role of a case manager, as it typically does not require a bachelor's degree.
- D: 8 or more years - Overqualified for the position of a case manager, as this level of education is beyond what is necessary for the role.
Which statements are true about aging and the brain?
- A. Most areas of the brain do not lose brain cells.
- B. Memory decline is inevitable as people age.
- C. Basic intelligence remains unchanged with age.
- D. The brain does not continue to make new brain cells.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because most areas of the brain do not lose brain cells with age due to a process called neuroplasticity. This means that the brain can adapt and reorganize itself by forming new connections between existing brain cells. Memory decline is not inevitable (B) as cognitive decline varies among individuals and can be influenced by factors like lifestyle and genetics. Basic intelligence can change with age (C) due to various factors such as experience and education. The brain does continue to make new brain cells through a process called neurogenesis, making choice D incorrect.
The nurse is providing instructions to a nursing assistant regarding care of an older client with hearing loss. The nurse tells the assistant that clients with a hearing loss:
- A. Respond to low pitched tones.
- B. Have difficulty hearing any frequency of sound.
- C. Need assistance with lip-reading only.
- D. Respond to high-pitched tones more clearly.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because clients with hearing loss typically have difficulty hearing high-pitched tones, making it easier for them to respond to low-pitched tones. Low-pitched tones are easier for individuals with hearing loss to perceive due to the nature of hearing loss affecting the ability to hear higher frequencies. Choice B is incorrect as it is a generalization that does not consider the specific nature of hearing loss. Choice C is incorrect because individuals with hearing loss may require various forms of assistance beyond just lip-reading. Choice D is incorrect as individuals with hearing loss generally struggle more with high-pitched tones.