Nokea
What is the process of a gas changing into a liquid called?
- A. Evaporation
- B. Boiling
- C. Condensation
- D. Sublimation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Condensation is the process where gas particles release energy, slow down, and come together to form a liquid. This phase change occurs when the temperature of the gas decreases, causing the particles to lose energy and transition into the liquid state. In condensation, the gas loses heat energy, leading to a decrease in kinetic energy, which allows the particles to come closer together and form a liquid. This transformation is commonly observed when water vapor in the air cools down and turns into liquid water droplets, seen as dew or fog. Evaporation (choice A) is the opposite process where a liquid changes into a gas. Boiling (choice B) is the rapid phase change from liquid to gas that occurs at a specific temperature. Sublimation (choice D) is the direct transition of a substance from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through the liquid phase.
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What scientific term encompasses a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence?
- A. Trait
- B. Mutation
- C. Allele
- D. Variation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A) Trait: A trait is a characteristic or feature of an organism that is determined by its genes.
B) Mutation: A mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that can result from errors during DNA replication, exposure to mutagens, or other factors.
C) Allele: An allele is a variant form of a gene that can result in different traits or characteristics.
D) Variation: Variation refers to the differences in traits or characteristics among individuals of the same species, which can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
In this context, the term that specifically refers to a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence is "mutation."
What does bradycardia refer to in terms of heart rate?
- A. Normal (60-100 bpm)
- B. Slightly elevated (100-120 bpm)
- C. Significantly elevated (>120 bpm)
- D. Abnormally slow (<60 bpm)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Bradycardia refers to an abnormally slow heart rate, typically defined as less than 60 beats per minute. This condition can result in inadequate blood flow to meet the body's demands. It is crucial to distinguish between bradycardia and tachycardia, which is a fast heart rate, as they require different management strategies. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because they describe normal, slightly elevated, and significantly elevated heart rates, respectively, rather than an abnormally slow heart rate characteristic of bradycardia. Recognizing bradycardia is essential for appropriate evaluation and intervention in clinical settings.
Which of the following is an example of a nosocomial infection?
- A. The common cold contracted from a family member
- B. A urinary tract infection (UTI) acquired during a catheterization
- C. A fungal skin infection from contaminated soil
- D. Food poisoning from undercooked chicken
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A nosocomial infection, also known as a healthcare-associated infection (HAI), is an infection that is acquired in a healthcare setting. In this case, a UTI acquired during a catheterization procedure is a classic example of a nosocomial infection. Catheterization involves the insertion of a tube into the urinary tract, which can introduce bacteria into the urinary system and lead to an infection. Nosocomial infections are a significant concern in healthcare settings due to the potential for increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.
Let's review the other options:
A) The common cold contracted from a family member - This is not a nosocomial infection as it is acquired outside of a healthcare setting.
C) A fungal skin infection from contaminated soil - This is not a nosocomial infection as it is acquired from environmental exposure, not in a healthcare setting.
Which of the following is an example of a salt?
- A. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- C. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
- D. Sulfuric acid (Hâ‚‚SOâ‚„)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an example of a salt. Salts are ionic compounds formed by the reaction of an acid with a base. In this case, sodium chloride is formed by the reaction of sodium hydroxide (a base) with hydrochloric acid (an acid). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sulfuric acid (Hâ‚‚SOâ‚„) are not salts because they are not formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base, which is a characteristic of salts.
What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?
- A. To provide structural support for the cell
- B. To transport substances in and out of the cell
- C. To synthesize proteins and lipids
- D. To store water, enzymes, and waste products
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Vacuoles in plant cells primarily function as storage organelles. They store water, enzymes, pigments, and waste products, helping to maintain turgor pressure within the cell. This turgor pressure provides structural support for the plant cell. While vacuoles can also participate in transporting substances within the cell, their main role is storage. The synthesis of proteins and lipids is mainly handled by other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Choice A is incorrect because while vacuoles indirectly contribute to structural support by maintaining turgor pressure, their primary function is storage. Choice B is incorrect as vacuoles are not primarily responsible for transporting substances in and out of the cell. Choice C is incorrect as vacuoles do not synthesize proteins and lipids; this function is carried out by other organelles.