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What is the significance of HER2 positivity in breast cancer?
- A. Indicates aggressive tumor behavior and potential resistance to certain treatments
- B. Signifies slower tumor growth
- C. Indicates sensitivity to hormone therapy
- D. Denotes a benign tumor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: HER2 positivity signifies aggressive tumor behavior and potential resistance to certain treatments, requiring targeted therapies.
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Which of the following lymphoid tissues has both hematopoietic and immune functions and acts as an emergency reservoir of blood and filters the blood as well?
- A. Tonsils and adenoids
- B. Thymus gland
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The spleen has both hematopoietic and immune functions acting as a blood filter and reservoir and plays a key role in removing old or damaged red blood cells.
Priority Decision: On assessment of a central venous access device (CVAD) site, the nurse observes that the transparent dressing is loose along two sides. What should the nurse do immediately?
- A. Wait and change the dressing when it is due
- B. Tape the two loose sides down and document
- C. Apply a gauze dressing over the transparent dressing and tape securely
- D. Remove the dressing and apply a new transparent dressing using sterile technique
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Loose dressings increase infection risk; replacing the dressing with sterile technique ensures safety.
The term 'lymphocyte repertoire' refers to:
- A. The range of antigen receptor specificities found in a lymphocyte population
- B. The variety of effector functions that result from an adaptive immune response
- C. Antigen receptor specificities found on a given lymphocyte
- D. The collection of daughter cells produced when a lymphocyte divides after activation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the term 'lymphocyte repertoire' specifically refers to the range of antigen receptor specificities found in a lymphocyte population. Lymphocytes are immune cells that play a crucial role in recognizing and responding to antigens, and their diverse antigen receptor specificities allow them to recognize a wide range of pathogens. This term does not refer to effector functions (B) or a single lymphocyte's receptor specificities (C). Additionally, it does not describe the collection of daughter cells produced after division (D), as the repertoire refers to the initial diversity of antigen receptors within a lymphocyte population.
Patients with septic shock are treated, among other drugs, with activated protein C. The purpose of this treatment is to
- A. Dampen the cytokine storm
- B. Raise the blood pressure
- C. Resolve DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
- D. Boost the immune response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Resolve DIC. Activated protein C is used in septic shock to address the coagulopathy associated with DIC, a common complication. Activated protein C inhibits clotting factors and promotes fibrinolysis, helping to restore normal coagulation function. This treatment does not directly dampen the cytokine storm (choice A), raise blood pressure (choice B), or boost the immune response (choice D) in septic shock patients. It specifically targets the coagulation abnormalities seen in DIC, making choice C the most appropriate answer.
The release of IL-8 at an infection site specifically induces
- A. Increase of adhesion molecules on local endothelial cells
- B. Local recruitment of neutrophils
- C. Systemic effects, including fever
- D. Increase of acute-phase proteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because IL-8 is a chemokine that specifically functions to recruit neutrophils to the site of infection. Neutrophils are crucial for fighting off pathogens. A: Increase of adhesion molecules on local endothelial cells is not directly induced by IL-8. C: Systemic effects, including fever, are typically mediated by other cytokines like IL-1 and IL-6. D: Increase of acute-phase proteins is not the primary role of IL-8 in the immune response.