Nokea
What kind of stain is most commonly used to visualize the capsule of cryptococcus?
- A. Gram stain
- B. simple stain
- C. negative stain
- D. fluorescent stain
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: negative stain. Negative staining technique uses acidic stains which are repelled by the capsule of cryptococcus, making it visible as a clear halo around the stained cell. Gram stain (A) is used for bacterial cell wall visualization, simple stain (B) colors all cells uniformly, and fluorescent stain (D) requires a fluorescent microscope and specific dyes. Negative stain is the most effective method for visualizing cryptococcus capsules due to its unique structure and composition.
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Area(s) in the visual cortex involved in colour vision include:
- A. V1
- B. V2
- C. V3
- D. V8
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Area V8, also known as the colour centre, is specifically involved in colour vision. V1, V2, and V3 are involved in early visual processing but not exclusively in colour vision.
What does an abnormal finding in the assessment of cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve) indicate?
- A. Facial asymmetry or difficulty with facial expressions.
- B. Clear and symmetric facial movements.
- C. Normal taste sensation.
- D. Equal and reactive pupils.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Facial asymmetry or difficulty with facial expressions indicates dysfunction of cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve). Clear facial movements, normal taste sensation, and equal pupils are normal findings.
The nurse is caring for the client with increased intracranial pressure. The nurse would note which of the following trends in vital signs if the ICP is rising?
- A. Increasing temperature, increasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure.
- B. Increasing temperature, decreasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure.
- C. Decreasing temperature, decreasing pulse, increasing respirations, decreasing blood pressure.
- D. Decreasing temperature, increasing pulse, decreasing respirations, increasing blood pressure.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In increased ICP, Cushing's triad may occur, which includes bradycardia (decreasing pulse), irregular respirations (decreasing respirations), and widening pulse pressure (increasing blood pressure). These signs indicate severe brainstem compression and are late signs of increased ICP, requiring immediate intervention.
The tiny space between neurons or a neuron and its target muscle is the:
- A. dendrite
- B. axon
- C. neuron cell body
- D. synapse
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The synapse is the tiny gap between neurons or between a neuron and its target cell, such as a muscle. It is the site where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals from one cell to another. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, triggering a response. The synapse is crucial for communication within the nervous system.
A microscopic gap between a pair of adjacent neurons over which nerve impulses pass when going from one neuron to the next is called:
- A. Neurotransmitter
- B. Synapse
- C. Axon
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Synapse is the correct answer because it is the junction between two neurons where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted. Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that facilitate this transmission, but the gap itself is called the synapse.