Nokea
What role do the B-complex vitamins play in wound healing?
- A. Decrease metabolism
- B. Protect protein from being used for energy
- C. Provide metabolic energy for the inflammatory process
- D. Coenzymes for fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: B-complex vitamins support energy production, which fuels the inflammatory and reparative processes during wound healing.
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Prophylactic measures that are routinely used as early as possible in HIV infection to prevent opportunistic and debilitating secondary problems include administration of
- A. isoniazid (INH) to prevent tuberculosis
- B. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) for toxoplasmosis
- C. vaccines for pneumococcal pneumonia, influenza, and hepatitis A and B
- D. varicella-zoster immune globulin (VZIG) to prevent chickenpox or shingles
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vaccination protects against preventable infections that can become severe in immunocompromised individuals.
What are the two main outcomes of clonal selection?
- A. T cell activation and cytokine suppression
- B. Differentiation into effector and memory cells
- C. Pathogen destruction and tissue repair
- D. Phagocytosis and complement activation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Differentiation into effector and memory cells. During clonal selection, activated lymphocytes undergo differentiation into effector cells that combat the current infection and memory cells that provide long-lasting immunity. Effector cells directly eliminate pathogens, while memory cells remember the specific pathogen for future encounters. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately represent the main outcomes of clonal selection. T cell activation and cytokine suppression (A) are processes involved in immune response regulation rather than the direct outcomes of clonal selection. Pathogen destruction and tissue repair (C) are broader immune responses that occur after clonal selection. Phagocytosis and complement activation (D) involve innate immune responses, not the adaptive immune responses seen in clonal selection.
If HLA-DR4 is considered a 'risk' allele for disease 'X', this means:
- A. All individuals with the HLA-DR4 allele will get disease X
- B. All individuals with disease X have the HLA-DR4 allele
- C. An individual with the HLA-DR4 allele has an increased chance of developing disease X compared to other individuals
- D. All of the above are true
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because having the HLA-DR4 allele increases the likelihood of developing disease X but does not guarantee it. Choice A is incorrect because not all individuals with HLA-DR4 will get disease X. Choice B is incorrect because not all individuals with disease X have the HLA-DR4 allele. Choice D is incorrect because it falsely states that all statements are true, which is not the case.
Vibrations from the sound waves are amplified by
- A. the eardrum
- B. Anvi
- C. Stirrup
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All above. The vibrations from sound waves are amplified by the eardrum, Anvil (also known as the Incus), and Stirrup (also known as the Stapes), which are the three tiny bones in the middle ear. The sound waves travel through the ear canal and hit the eardrum, causing it to vibrate. The vibration is then transmitted through the Anvil to the Stirrup, which amplifies the vibrations and sends them to the inner ear. Each of these three components plays a crucial role in the process of amplifying sound vibrations for better auditory perception. Therefore, all three choices are correct in this context.
A cytokine polarizing activated T cells towards a TH2 subset is
- A. IL-12
- B. IL-2
- C. IL-10
- D. IL-5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: IL-10. IL-10 is known to polarize activated T cells towards a TH2 subset by suppressing TH1 cytokine production. IL-12 (A) promotes TH1 differentiation, IL-2 (B) supports T cell proliferation, and IL-5 (D) is involved in eosinophil activation and differentiation, not in polarizing T cells towards a TH2 subset.