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What test measures the electrical activity of the heart and can detect heart rhythm problems?
- A. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
- B. Chest X-ray
- C. MRI
- D. CT scan
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart, detecting heart rhythm problems such as arrhythmias. It is a non-invasive test that provides valuable information on the heart's function. A chest X-ray (B) is used to visualize the heart and lungs but does not measure electrical activity. MRI (C) and CT scan (D) are imaging tests that provide detailed pictures of the heart's structure but do not directly measure heart rhythm.
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Which of the following is an indication of an alarm sound when a client with transvenous pacemaker is on a cardiac monitor?
- A. Client's heart rate drops below the lowest level set on the alarm system.
- B. Client is confused or restless and physical movement disturbs external pacemaker.
- C. Client's heartbeat is greater than 60 beats/minute.
- D. Client's blood pressure drops below the lowest level set on the alarm system.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An alarm indicates the heart rate falling below the set limit, signaling potential pacemaker malfunction or arrhythmia.
What type of therapy delivers high concentrations of oxygen to the lungs?
- A. Oxygen therapy
- B. Ventilator therapy
- C. Mechanical ventilation
- D. CPAP therapy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Oxygen therapy. This type of therapy delivers high concentrations of oxygen to the lungs to improve oxygen levels in the blood. Ventilator therapy (B) involves mechanical breathing assistance, not just oxygen delivery. Mechanical ventilation (C) is a broader term encompassing various types of mechanical respiratory support beyond just oxygen. CPAP therapy (D) is continuous positive airway pressure used to treat sleep apnea, not specifically for delivering high concentrations of oxygen. Therefore, oxygen therapy is the most direct and specific choice for delivering high concentrations of oxygen to the lungs.
Which of the following symptoms is the first sign of aortic regurgitation?
- A. Water-hammer pulse
- B. Tachycardia
- C. Flushed skin
- D. Heart murmur
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A water-hammer pulse is an early sign of aortic regurgitation due to backflow of blood into the left ventricle.
What are the pressure-sensitive structures located in the aortic and carotid bodies called?
- A. Baroreceptors
- B. Chemoreceptors
- C. Nociceptors
- D. Mechanoreceptors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Baroreceptors. Baroreceptors are pressure-sensitive structures that detect changes in blood pressure in the aortic and carotid bodies. They help regulate blood pressure by sending signals to the brain to adjust heart rate and blood vessel dilation. Chemoreceptors (B) detect changes in chemical composition, not pressure. Nociceptors (C) detect pain stimuli. Mechanoreceptors (D) detect mechanical stimuli, not specifically pressure changes. Therefore, the correct answer is A as baroreceptors specifically respond to changes in blood pressure.
What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the heart's outer lining, often causing chest pain and other symptoms?
- A. Pericarditis
- B. Endocarditis
- C. Myocarditis
- D. Valvular heart disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pericarditis. Pericarditis is the inflammation of the heart's outer lining, causing chest pain. The pericardium surrounds and protects the heart. Other choices are incorrect:
B: Endocarditis is the inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.
C: Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle itself.
D: Valvular heart disease is a condition affecting the heart valves, not the outer lining.