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Have you ever found yourself staring at the ceiling at 2:00 a.m.? Have you kicked the blankets off to the floor from tossing and turning? Many longtime suffers of Insomnia know these situations all too well. As many as 17% of Americans find the restful break of sleep hard to achieve.
Lack of sleep affects intellectual abilities at work or school by causing a deficit in memory, attention, and concentration which in turn creates a feeling of irritation or depression. Chronic insomnia can result from a medical illness, a psychiatric condition, or from sleep apnea, a condition where an individual actually stops breathing during sleep. Sleep hygiene, developing good sleep habits, and non- pharmacological therapies such as herbs and spices are some solutions to Insomnia.
What was the author's intention when writing this passage?
- A. Developing good sleep habits and using herbs and spices.
- B. To explain insomnia and propose some solutions for the condition.
- C. Watching television before bed.
- D. Taking frequent naps during the day.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the author's intention in the passage is to explain insomnia and provide solutions for the condition. The passage discusses the impact of insomnia on intellectual abilities and mentions solutions such as developing good sleep habits, non-pharmacological therapies like herbs and spices, and addressing underlying causes like medical illnesses or psychiatric conditions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the primary focus of the passage, which is to address insomnia and its solutions.
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Food
Food and drink are necessary and desirable, but their
abuse can cause serious physical and metal problem.
Many physicians believe that overeating is one of the
country's main health problems, since it places a great
strain on the heart, can lead to diabetes, and often shortens
the individual's life span. To fill an emotional void. People
often turn to food when they are bored or lonely.
Another area of concern is alcohol consumption. The
results of alcohol abuse are widely publicized. The social
drinker who becomes alcoholic, the drunken driver's
contribution to highway death, spousal and child abuse,
are all concomitant problems associated with alcohol
abuse.
As used in the last sentence of this paragraph, the term 'concomitant' most nearly means:
- A. Accompanying
- B. Quiet
- C. Separate
- D. Unpredictable
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In the context provided, 'concomitant' in the last sentence of the paragraph means 'accompanying' or 'associated with.' The sentence is discussing the various issues that arise in relation to alcohol abuse, such as becoming alcoholic, contributing to highway deaths, and spousal and child abuse. Therefore, the correct term to use here is 'accompanying,' making choice A the correct answer.
All That Jazz: Jazz is an American musical art form which originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African-American communities in the Southern United States. It derived from a confluence of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has also incorporated music from 19th and 20th century American popular music. The word jazz began as a West Coast slang term of uncertain derivation and was first used to refer to music in Chicago in about 1915.
Improvisation is one of the key elements of jazz and a fundamental part of the nature of the music. In jazz, the skilled performer will interpret a tune in very individual ways, never playing the same composition exactly the same way twice. Depending upon the performer's mood and personal experience, interactions with fellow musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician/performer may alter melodies, harmonies, or time signatures at will.
What is the derivation of the word 'jazz'?
- A. West Coast slang.
- B. Coined by Chicago musicians.
- C. European definition of improvisation.
- D. From Ibo language brought to US by slaves.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: West Coast slang. The passage states that the word "jazz" began as a West Coast slang term, indicating that its origin can be traced back to the West Coast. This is supported by historical evidence that the term was first used in Chicago around 1915. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Coined by Chicago musicians - While jazz was first referred to as music in Chicago, the term itself originated as West Coast slang, not coined by Chicago musicians.
C: European definition of improvisation - The passage does not mention any direct link between the word "jazz" and a European definition of improvisation.
D: From Ibo language brought to US by slaves - There is no evidence or mention in the passage that the word "jazz" is derived from the Ibo language brought to the US by slaves.
Isaac Asimov: Isaac Asimov (1920 - 1992) was a very prolific writer, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Most of Asimov's popularized science books explain scientific concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage.
Asimov is widely considered a master of the science-fiction genre and, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, was considered one of the 'Big Three' science-fiction writers during his lifetime. He also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as a great amount of nonfiction. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French.
Asimov was afraid of flying, so he seldom traveled great distances, partly because his aversion to flying complicated the logistics of long-distance travel. He did enjoy traveling on cruise ships, and on several occasions he became part of the cruise's entertainment, giving science-themed talks. Asimov was an able public speaker, and enjoyed speaking to groups, especially at science fiction conventions.
Who were the 'Big Three' mentioned in the article?
- A. Asimov, Heinlein, Clarke.
- B. Asimov, French, Clarke.
- C. Heinlein, Clarke, French.
- D. Asimov, Heinlein, French.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Asimov, Heinlein, Clarke. In the text, it is stated that Asimov, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, were considered the 'Big Three' science-fiction writers during his lifetime. This means that these three authors were widely recognized as the leading figures in the science-fiction genre at that time.
Choice B is incorrect because Paul French is mentioned as Asimov's pen name for the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels, not as one of the 'Big Three' science-fiction writers.
Choice C is incorrect because although it includes Heinlein and Clarke, it adds French instead of Asimov, who is a part of the 'Big Three'.
Choice D is incorrect because it includes Asimov and Heinlein, but instead of Clarke, it includes French, who is not part of the 'Big Three' as indicated in the text.
Therefore, based on the information provided in the
Blood Pressure Regulators The body is composed of systems that have evolved and diversified in order to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. One such system that has these regulators is the body’s cardiovascular system. The body’s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to all cells of the body, as well as the discard of carbon dioxide and other waste products, is the heart. Because blood pressure varies at different points within the body, differing components are needed to keep the body’s blood pressure regulated. Three of the basic components are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys. Baroreceptors are stretch receptors composed of fine branching nerve endings and are contained along the walls of the arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body as well. Impulses are related to this stretching along the arterial walls, which causes these baroreceptors to send out even more impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, causing the blood pressure to go either up or down. Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level, carbon dioxide, and pH. Just think! A fall in oxygen causes receptors to send impulses to raise the blood pressure. The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex cause the kidney to keep or let go of any salt and water. This has an influence on blood volume and consequently on blood pressure.
What is the best summary of this passage?
- A. The body's pump, the heart, regulates the flow of oxygen to all cells of the body and discards waste products that include carbon dioxide. The kidneys help in this process by absorbing salts and water.
- B. There are several systems to maintain the natural functions and processes of the body. One system is the cardiovascular system, which regulates blood pressure through baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
- C. Baroreceptors help regulate blood pressure and are found along the wall of the arteries. Baroreceptors send out impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, resulting in the lowering or raising of blood pressure.
- D. Chemoreceptors monitor changes in oxygen level that affect blood pressure.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct summary of the passage is option B. It effectively captures the key points discussed in the text, which include the role of the cardiovascular system in regulating blood pressure through baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys. Options A, C, and D either focus on specific details or do not encompass the broader scope of systems involved in maintaining blood pressure regulation as discussed in the passage.
The Moon has been worshipped by primitive peoples and has inspired humans to create everything from lunar calendars to love sonnets. But what do we really know about it? The most accepted theory about the Moon's origin is that it was formed from the debris of a massive collision with the young Earth about 4.6 billion years ago. A huge body, perhaps the size of Mars, struck the Earth, throwing out an immense amount of debris that coalesced and cooled in orbit around the Earth. The development of Earth is inextricably linked to the Moon; the Moon's gravitational influence upon the Earth is the primary cause of ocean tides. In fact, the Moon has more than twice the effect on the tides than the Sun. The Moon makes one rotation and completes a revolution around the Earth every 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes. This synchronous rotation is caused by an uneven distribution of mass in the Moon (essentially, it is heavier on one side than the other) and has allowed the Earth's gravity to keep one side of the Moon permanently facing Earth. The average distance from Earth to the Moon is about 384,403 km. The Moon has no atmosphere; without it, the Moon has no protection from meteorite impacts, resulting in a surface covered with impact craters, both large and small. The Moon also has no active tectonic or volcanic activity, so the erosive effects of atmospheric weathering, tectonic shifts, and volcanic upheavals that tend to erase and reform the Earth’s surface features are not at work on the Moon. In fact, even tiny surface features, such as the footprint left by an astronaut in the lunar soil, are likely to last for millions of years unless obliterated by a chance meteorite strike. The surface gravity of the Moon is about one-sixth that of Earth's. Therefore, a person weighing 82 kilograms on Earth would only weigh 14 kilograms on the Moon. The geographical features of the Earth most similar to those of the Moon are places such as the Hawaiian volcanic craters and the huge meteor crater in Arizona. However, the climate of the Moon is very different from either Hawaii or Arizona; in fact, the temperature on the Moon ranges from 123 degrees Celsius to -233 degrees Celsius.
In the provided text, the word 'massive' in line 4 is closest in meaning to
- A. Dense
- B. Impressive
- C. Huge
- D. Unavoidable
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The word 'massive' in the context of the text is used to describe the size of the body that collided with the Earth to form the Moon. In this context, 'massive' means extremely large or enormous, which aligns most closely with the choice 'Huge.' The collision was not described as dense, impressive, or unavoidable in relation to its size, making 'Huge' the most appropriate synonym.