Nokea
When instructing a patient about the risk factors associated with breast cancer, which one of the following should be identified as a myth?
- A. Breast cancer often follows an injury to the breast
- B. The incidence of breast cancer increases with age
- C. Women whose mothers or sisters have had breast cancer are twice as likely to develop it
- D. A diet high in animal fat has been linked with an increased incidence of breast cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The idea that breast cancer often follows an injury to the breast is a myth; there is no evidence supporting this claim.
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The point of junction of the muscle to the bone that moves is called the ___________________.
- A. Insertion
- B. Origin
- C. Sheath
- D. Fascia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Insertion. The point of junction of the muscle to the bone that moves is called the insertion because this is where the muscle attaches to the bone that it acts upon. The insertion is typically located distally in relation to the origin of the muscle. The origin, choice B, refers to the point of attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone. Choices C and D, Sheath and Fascia, are incorrect as they do not specifically refer to the point of junction of the muscle to the bone that moves.
Which of the following events do not take place after fertilization.
- A. a sperm is drawn into the egg and egg completes it first meiotic division
- B. the second polar body forms
- C. egg releases secretory vesicles to block polyspermy
- D. egg enzymes are activated and embryogenesis begins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: After fertilization, the sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form a zygote. The egg completes its first meiotic division before fertilization, so A is incorrect. B is incorrect because the second polar body forms after fertilization. C is incorrect as the egg releases secretory vesicles to block polyspermy post-fertilization. D is incorrect as egg enzymes are activated post-fertilization to initiate embryogenesis. Thus, the answer is A, as the completion of the first meiotic division occurs before fertilization.
The general meaning of the term "corpus" is best described by which of the following?
- A. Abdomen
- B. Body
- C. Death
- D. Head
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Body. Corpus commonly refers to a collection of written or spoken texts, which together form a body of work. "Body" is the best choice as it encompasses the idea of a collection or group of related items. A is incorrect as it refers specifically to the abdomen, not the general term. C, Death, and D, Head, are unrelated to the general meaning of "corpus" as they do not convey the idea of a body or collection.
Which of the following statements relating to the corpus luteum is incorrect.
- A. the corpus luteum contains the zona pellucida
- B. the corpus luteum degrades if fertilization does not take place
- C. the corpus luteum is derived from the Latin word meaning yellow body.
- D. the corpus luteum develops from the remaining follicle after ovulation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the corpus luteum does not contain the zona pellucida. The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte, not the corpus luteum. The other choices are incorrect because B is true - the corpus luteum degrades if fertilization does not occur; C is true - corpus luteum derives from Latin for yellow body; and D is true - the corpus luteum develops from the remaining follicle after ovulation.
Before intercourse, a woman irrigates her vagina with a solution that lowers the pH of the vaginal fluid to 4.5. What will be the effect on sperm cells in the vagina?
- A. Metabolic rate will increase
- B. Rate of movement will decrease
- C. Formation of prostaglandin E2 will increase
- D. Rate of oxygen consumption will increase
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Rate of movement will decrease. Sperm cells require a slightly alkaline environment to maintain their motility. Lowering the pH to 4.5 will create an acidic environment, causing decreased sperm motility. Choice A is incorrect as lowering pH doesn't affect metabolic rate. Choice C is incorrect because prostaglandin E2 formation is not directly related to pH changes. Choice D is incorrect as oxygen consumption rate of sperm cells is not affected by vaginal pH.