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When teaching parents about achievements in children, the nurse explains that, according to Piaget, children in which age group are able to grasp abstract ideas?
- A. Toddler
- B. Adolescence
- C. Preschool age
- D. School age
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage (adolescence, typically starting around age 11) develop the ability to grasp abstract ideas and think logically about hypothetical situations. Toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children are in earlier stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational, respectively) and do not yet have this capacity.
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A 2-year-old grabs a handful of cake from the table and stuffs it in their mouth. According to Freud, what part of the mind is the child satisfying?
- A. Id
- B. Superego
- C. Ego
- D. Unconscious mind
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Freud defined the id as the part of the mind concerned with self-gratification by the easiest and quickest available means.
A nurse assessing a toddler in a pediatric office tells the parents that the child is in the 90th percentile for height and weight and has blue eyes. The nurse explains these physical characteristics are primarily determined by which of the following?
- A. Socialization with caregivers
- B. Maternal nutrition during pregnancy
- C. Genetic information on chromosomes
- D. Meeting developmental tasks
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Physical appearance and growth have a predetermined genetic base in inheritance patterns carried on the chromosomes.
A school nurse uses Kohlberg's theory of moral development as a basis for a roundtable discussion with parents on bullying. According to Kohlberg, what factor initially influences the moral development of propuestas?
- A. Parent/caregiver-child communications
- B. Societal rules and regulations
- C. Social and religious rules
- D. A person's beliefs and values
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The beginnings of moral development result from parent/caregiver-child communications during early childhood, as the young child tries to please parents and caregivers. Kohlberg's stages of moral development begin in childhood but may continue developing into adolescence and adulthood.
A nurse is teaching parents of preschoolers the types of behavior to expect from their children based on developmental theories. Which statements describe this stage of development? Select all that apply.
- A. According to Freud, the child is in the phallic stage.
- B. According to Erikson, the child is in the trust versus mistrust stage.
- C. According to Havighurst, the child is learning to get along with others.
- D. According to Fowler, the child imitates religious behavior of others.
- E. According to Kohlberg, the child defines satisfying acts as right.
- F. According to Havighurst, the child is achieving gender-specific roles.
Correct Answer: A,D,E
Rationale: According to Freud, the child is in the phallic stage. According to Fowler, the child imitates religious behavior of others. According to Kohlberg, the child defines satisfying acts as right. According to Erikson, the child is in the initiative versus guilt stage, not trust versus mistrust. According to Havighurst, the child is learning sex differences, forming concepts, and getting ready to read. Achieving gender-specific social roles is associated with adolescence, not preschoolers.
A school nurse uses Havighurst's principles and theories of growth and development when planning programs for high school students. With this information, the nurse can assist students to correlate their behavior and decisions to which age-appropriate developmental task?
- A. Finding a congenial social group
- B. Developing a conscience, morality, and a scale of values
- C. Achieving personal independence
- D. Achieving a masculine or feminine gender role
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: According to Havighurst, the role of the adolescent is to achieve a masculine or feminine gender role. Developing a conscience, morality, and a scale of values and achieving personal independence are roles of middle childhood. Finding a congenial social group is a role of young adulthood.