Nokea
Which action would the FDA take to expedite drug development and approval for an outbreak of smallpox?
- A. List smallpox as a health orphan disease
- B. Omit the preclinical research phase
- C. Extend the clinical research phase
- D. Fast track the investigational drug
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fast tracking prioritizes the drug within the FDA, expediting development for urgent needs like a smallpox outbreak. Orphan disease status, omitting preclinical phases, or extending clinical phases would not align with rapid response needs.
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A nurse is planning caring for a client who is has a new prescription for Torsemide. The nurse should plan to monitor for which of the following adverse reactions of this medications? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Respiratory acidosis
- B. Hypokalemia
- C. Hypotension
- D. Ototoxicity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Torsemide can cause hypokalemia , hypotension , ototoxicity , and dysrhythmias , typical loop diuretic effects.
Alpha-beta blockers are especially effective to treat hypertension for which ethnic group?
- A. White
- B. Asian
- C. African American
- D. Native American
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Alpha-beta blockers are particularly effective in African Americans due to their dual mechanism.
The patient is taking a drug that affects the body by increasing cellular activity. Where does this drug work on the cell?
- A. Receptor sites
- B. Cell membrane
- C. Golgi body
- D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Many drugs are thought to act at specific areas on cell membranes called receptor sites. After the receptor site is activated, this in turn activates the enzyme systems to produce certain effects, such as increased or decreased cellular activity, changes in cell membrane permeability, or alterations in cellular metabolism. Receptor sites are generally located on the outside of cells and allow the drug to bypass the cell membrane. The Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum are not involved in this process.
Which medication route provides the most rapid onset of a medication, but also poses the greatest risk of adverse effects?
- A. Intradermal
- B. Subcutaneous (subcut)
- C. Intramuscular (IM)
- D. Intravenous (IV)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IV medications are delivered directly into the bloodstream and avoid the first pass effect of the liver. Intradermal, subcut, and IM administration have a slower absorption rate.
A 50-year-old woman has just been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and given a prescription for metformin. Which of the following statements is characteristic of this medication?
- A. Metformin is inappropriate for initial management of type 2 diabetes
- B. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production
- C. Metformin undergoes significant metabolism via the cytochrome P450 system
- D. Weight gain is a common adverse effect
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metformin reduces hepatic glucose production, a key mechanism in managing type 2 diabetes, and is often a first-line treatment.