Nokea
Which antibody isotype is involved in allergic reactions?
- A. IgG
- B. IgM
- C. IgA
- D. IgE
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: IgE. IgE is the antibody isotype involved in allergic reactions. It binds to allergens and triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals, leading to allergic symptoms. IgG (choice A) is involved in long-term immunity, IgM (choice B) is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, and IgA (choice C) is mainly found in mucosal areas and helps prevent pathogens from entering the body. IgE is specifically associated with allergic responses due to its role in triggering the release of inflammatory mediators in response to allergens.
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Which condition is associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections due to complement deficiencies?
- A. Asthma
- B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae infections
- D. Chronic hepatitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Complement deficiencies impair the body's ability to fight bacterial infections, particularly encapsulated bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae. Asthma (A), SLE (B), and chronic hepatitis (D) are not directly associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections due to complement deficiencies. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition, SLE is an autoimmune disease, and chronic hepatitis affects the liver. Therefore, only Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are directly linked to complement deficiencies.
Which of the following is NOT a random event
- A. Genetic recombination of VDJ segments for TCR assembly
- B. Genetic recombination of VDJ segments for BCR assembly
- C. CD4 vs CD8 T cell fate
- D. TH1 differentiation vs TH2 differentiation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, TH1 differentiation vs TH2 differentiation, as it is not a random event. TH1 and TH2 differentiation is determined by cytokine signals, not random chance. A, Genetic recombination of VDJ segments for TCR assembly, and B, Genetic recombination of VDJ segments for BCR assembly, involve random processes during immune cell development. C, CD4 vs CD8 T cell fate, is determined by random rearrangement of gene segments during T cell development. Thus, D is the only choice that does not involve a random event in immune cell development.
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
- A. It includes macrophages
- B. It is nonspecific and immediate
- C. It involves T and B lymphocytes
- D. It is based on physical barriers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because adaptive immunity involves T and B lymphocytes that provide specific immune responses tailored to particular pathogens. T and B lymphocytes are key players in adaptive immunity, recognizing and targeting specific antigens. Choice A is incorrect because macrophages are part of innate immunity. Choice B is incorrect because innate immunity is nonspecific and immediate, while adaptive immunity is specific and takes time to develop. Choice D is incorrect because physical barriers are a characteristic of innate immunity, not adaptive immunity.
Priority Decision: While caring for a patient who is at the nadir of chemotherapy, the nurse establishes the highest priority for nursing actions related to
- A. diarrhea
- B. grieving
- C. risk for infection
- D. inadequate nutritional intake
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: At the nadir, the patient's white blood cell count is lowest, increasing the risk for infection, making it the highest priority.
VDJ gene rearrangement takes place in
- A. Germinal Centers
- B. Lymph Nodes
- C. Bone marrow
- D. Spleen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: VDJ gene rearrangement occurs during lymphocyte development to generate diverse antigen receptors. This process occurs in the bone marrow, specifically in the early stages of B cell development. In the bone marrow, B cell precursors undergo VDJ recombination to create unique antibody specificity. Germinal centers are sites for B cell activation and proliferation, not gene rearrangement. Lymph nodes and spleen are secondary lymphoid organs where mature lymphocytes are activated, not where VDJ recombination occurs.