Nokea
Which chromosomal abnormality is often characteristic of infantile ALL?
- A. t(4;11)
- B. t(12;21)
- C. t(9;22)
- D. t(1;19)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The t(4;11) translocation is commonly found in infantile ALL and is associated with a poor prognosis.
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Recommendations for hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine include which statement?
- A. First dose is given between birth and age 2 days.
- B. First dose is given between ages 12 and 15 months.
- C. It is not recommended for neonates who are at low risk for hepatitis B.
- D. It is not recommended for neonates whose mothers are positive for HBV surface antigen.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The current recommendations for hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine state that the first dose should be administered between ages 12 and 15 months. The vaccine series typically consists of three doses, with the second dose administered 1-2 months after the first dose, and the third dose given at least 8 weeks after the second dose. This schedule is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to provide optimal protection against the hepatitis B virus. Starting the vaccine series at 12-15 months ensures that the child's immune system is mature enough to respond effectively to the vaccine and generate lasting immunity.
HIV antibody testing procedures using a finger stick or venipuncture to obtain whole blood, plasma, or serum, and tests using oral fluid were approved. All the following regarding this test are true EXCEPT
- A. they are simple and accurate as to render the likelihood of an erroneous result by the user negligible
- B. a positive result does not need confirmation by Western blot analysis or immunofluorescence assay
- C. they allow women who have not been tested or are unaware of their HIV status to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of antiretroviral therapy implementation
- D. they significantly reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A positive result from rapid HIV tests still requires confirmation with more specific tests like Western blot or immunofluorescence assay.
Which of the following is the most numerous type of white blood cell (WBC)?
- A. Neutrophil
- B. Basophil
- C. Eosinophil
- D. Lymphocyte
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neutrophils are the most numerous type of white blood cell (WBC) in the body, comprising about 60-70% of the total WBC count. They are a critical component of the immune system, playing a key role in fighting bacterial infections through phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying pathogens). Neutrophils are known for their rapid response to infections and are often the first responders to sites of inflammation. Their abundance and rapid mobilization make them essential in the body's defense against harmful pathogens.
What is the Guthrie blood test use to diagnose in the newborn?
- A. Down syndrome
- B. Isoimmunization
- C. PKU
- D. Congenital hypothyroidism (CH)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Guthrie blood test, also known as the newborn screening test, is used to diagnose phenylketonuria (PKU) in newborns. PKU is an inherited metabolic disorder in which the body cannot properly process the amino acid phenylalanine. If left untreated, PKU can lead to intellectual disabilities and other serious health problems. The Guthrie blood test is a simple and effective way to detect PKU early so that treatment can begin promptly to prevent complications.
For a client with newly diagnosed cancer, the nurse formulates a nursing diagnosis of Anxiety related to the threat of death secondary to cancer diagnosis. Which expected outcome would be appropriate for this client?
- A. "Client verbalizes feelings of anxiety."
- B. "Client doesn't guess at prognosis."
- C. "Client uses any effective method to reduce tension."
- D. "Client stops seeking information."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The expected outcome that would be appropriate for a client with newly diagnosed cancer experiencing anxiety related to the threat of death would be "Client uses any effective method to reduce tension." This outcome focuses on the client actively engaging in coping strategies to reduce their anxiety. It is important for the client to actively participate in managing their anxiety by utilizing various methods to promote relaxation and reduce tension. It is a more proactive and empowering goal compared to simply verbalizing feelings of anxiety or stopping seeking information. By actively using effective methods to reduce tension, the client is taking steps to improve their emotional well-being and cope with the anxiety related to the cancer diagnosis.