Nokea
Which comment made by a parent of a 1-month-old infant would alert the nurse about the presence of a congenital heart defect?
- A. “He is always hungry.â€
- B. “He tires out during feedings.â€
- C. “He is fussy for several hours every day.â€
- D. “He sleeps all the time.â€
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fatigue during feeding or activity is common to most infants with congenital cardiac problems.
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Pentalogy of Cantrell consists
- A. ectopia cordis
- B. supraumbilical defect
- C. anterior diaphragm defect
- D. intracardiac defect
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pentalogy of Cantrell involves multiple midline defects including ectopia cordis.
Pulmonary hypertension is a complication of:
- A. ASD
- B. Eisenmenger syndrome
- C. Tricuspid atresia
- D. Tricuspid regurgitation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Eisenmenger syndrome is a well-known cause of pulmonary hypertension. The other options (a-d) can also lead to pulmonary hypertension but are less specific.
Recognised diagnoses of tender scrotal swelling in infancy include:
- A. Inguinal hernia
- B. Epididymo-orchitis
- C. Breech delivery
- D. Torsion of testis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Torsion of the testis is a medical emergency and a common cause of tender scrotal swelling in infancy. Inguinal hernia and epididymo-orchitis are also possible but less urgent. Breech delivery is unrelated.
FISH is helpful in diagnosing:
- A. Prader-Willi syndrome
- B. Di George syndrome
- C. Klinefelter's syndrome
- D. Turner's syndrome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization) is particularly useful in diagnosing DiGeorge syndrome, which involves microdeletions on chromosome 22.
What are FIVE indications for surgical intervention in infective endocarditis?
- A. Heart block
- B. Abscess
- C. Valve dysfunction causing heart failure
- D. Large mobile vegetation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: These are typical indications for surgery when complications of infective endocarditis progress to life-threatening stages.