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Which condition involves the heart muscle becoming abnormally thickened, reducing its ability to pump blood?
- A. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- B. Dilated cardiomyopathy
- C. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- D. Ischemic cardiomyopathy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (A) is the correct answer.
2. In this condition, the heart muscle thickens, leading to decreased blood pumping ability.
3. This thickening can obstruct blood flow and increase the risk of abnormal heart rhythms.
4. Dilated cardiomyopathy (B) involves the heart enlarging and weakening, not thickening.
5. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (C) involves stiffening of the heart muscle, not thickening.
6. Ischemic cardiomyopathy (D) results from reduced blood flow to the heart, not thickening.
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What is the condition where the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, becomes inflamed, leading to chest pain and other symptoms?
- A. Pericarditis
- B. Myocarditis
- C. Endocarditis
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium, causing chest pain.
2. Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, not the pericardium.
3. Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers.
4. Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the lungs, unrelated to pericardial inflammation.
In conclusion, pericarditis is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the inflammation of the pericardium, leading to chest pain.
What test measures the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time, typically 24 to 48 hours?
- A. Holter monitor
- B. Echocardiogram
- C. Stress test
- D. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Holter monitor. A Holter monitor is a device that measures the electrical activity of the heart over an extended period, usually 24 to 48 hours. It is used to detect abnormal heart rhythms and assess how the heart responds to daily activities.
Explanation:
1. The Holter monitor records the heart's electrical activity continuously, providing a detailed analysis of any irregularities.
2. Unlike an echocardiogram, which uses sound waves to create images of the heart, the Holter monitor focuses on monitoring electrical signals.
3. A stress test evaluates the heart's performance under physical stress, not over an extended period like the Holter monitor.
4. Arterial blood gas (ABG) measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, not the heart's electrical activity.
In summary, the Holter monitor is the correct choice as it specifically measures the heart's electrical activity over an extended timeframe, distinguishing it from the other options.
During a home visit to an 88-year-old patient who is taking digoxin (Lanoxin) 0.25 mg daily to help control the rate of atrial fibrillation, you obtain this assessment information. Which assessment indicates that you need to notify the physician?
- A. The patient's apical pulse is 68 and very irregular.
- B. The patient takes the digoxin with meals.
- C. The patient's vision is becoming 'fuzzy'.
- D. The patient has lung crackles that clear after coughing.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Visual disturbances can indicate digoxin toxicity, necessitating physician notification.
To detect and treat the most common complication of MI, what should the nurse do?
- A. Measure hourly urine output
- B. Auscultate the chest for crackles
- C. Use continuous cardiac monitoring
- D. Take vital signs every 2 hours for the first 8 hours
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Continuous monitoring detects dysrhythmias.
Which condition is characterized by an inability to effectively pump blood, leading to fluid buildup and swelling in the body?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Cardiomyopathy
- C. Angina
- D. Myocarditis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Heart failure is characterized by the heart's inability to effectively pump blood, leading to fluid buildup and swelling.
Step 2: Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle, which may contribute to heart failure but is not the direct cause of fluid buildup.
Step 3: Angina is chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart, not directly related to fluid buildup.
Step 4: Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, which can lead to heart failure but is not the primary cause of fluid accumulation.
Summary: Heart failure is the correct answer as it directly relates to the inability of the heart to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid accumulation. Cardiomyopathy, angina, and myocarditis are related to heart health but do not directly cause fluid buildup in the body.