Nokea
Which condition is associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections due to complement deficiencies?
- A. Asthma
- B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae infections
- D. Chronic hepatitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Complement deficiencies impair the body's ability to fight bacterial infections, particularly encapsulated bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae. Asthma (A), SLE (B), and chronic hepatitis (D) are not directly associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections due to complement deficiencies. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition, SLE is an autoimmune disease, and chronic hepatitis affects the liver. Therefore, only Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are directly linked to complement deficiencies.
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Which of the following is NOT true. Passive immunization:
- A. Has been used to treat patients newly infected with Ebola
- B. Involves transferring serum from an immune to a non-immune individual
- C. Provides the recipient with protective antibodies
- D. Involves transferring naïve lymphocytes from an immune to a non-immune individual
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Passive immunization does not involve transferring naïve lymphocytes; instead, it transfers pre-formed antibodies for immediate protection. Choice D is incorrect because lymphocytes do not produce antibodies directly. Choices A, B, and C are correct: Passive immunization has been used for Ebola, transfers serum with antibodies, and provides immediate protection with pre-formed antibodies.
A TH2 immune response will not induce
- A. Isotype switching to IgE
- B. Secret ion of IL-4
- C. Activation of macrophages
- D. Resistance to Leishmania infection
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: The correct answer is E because a TH2 immune response is associated with isotype switching to IgE and secretion of IL-4, which are essential for allergic responses. Activation of macrophages is not associated with a TH2 response. Resistance to Leishmania infection is mediated by a TH1 response, not TH2.
The physician is having difficulty finding the appropriate dose for the patient taking warfarin (Coumadin). What can the nurse suggest that may solve this problem?
- A. Pharmacogenetic testing
- B. Start bivalirudin (Angiomax) IV
- C. Change from warfarin (Coumadin) to clopidogrel (Plavix) and aspirin
- D. Change from warfarin (Coumadin) to enoxoparin (Lovenox) injections
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pharmacogenetic testing evaluates genetic variations affecting drug metabolism, helping optimize dosing for medications like warfarin.
Which immune system function is most relevant to cancer?
- A. Suppressing cytokine release
- B. Promoting adaptive immunity only
- C. Identifying and eliminating abnormal cells
- D. Limiting the effectiveness of phagocytes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Identifying and eliminating abnormal cells. This function is most relevant to cancer because the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy abnormal cells is crucial in preventing the development and spread of cancer. The immune system constantly surveys the body for cells that have mutated or become cancerous, and when identified, it initiates an immune response to eliminate them. This process is essential for maintaining the body's health and preventing cancerous cells from proliferating.
Choice A (Suppressing cytokine release) is incorrect because cytokines play a role in regulating the immune response, which can be important in cancer immunity. Choice B (Promoting adaptive immunity only) is incorrect as both innate and adaptive immune responses are involved in combating cancer. Choice D (Limiting the effectiveness of phagocytes) is incorrect as phagocytes are important in recognizing and destroying cancer cells.
Which of the following best illustrates selective genetic pressure in immune adaptation?
- A. Rroma populations and their genetic response to Yersinia pestis
- B. Mutation rates in viruses like the flu
- C. Increased pathogen diversity in unvaccinated populations
- D. Non-specific activation of innate immunity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Selective genetic pressure refers to the process where specific genetic traits are favored due to environmental factors.
Step 2: Rroma populations and their genetic response to Yersinia pestis demonstrate selective genetic pressure as they have developed genetic adaptations to resist the plague bacterium.
Step 3: This adaptation is a result of prolonged exposure to the pathogen, leading to the survival and reproduction of individuals with genetic variations that confer resistance.
Step 4: Other choices are incorrect because mutation rates in viruses like the flu (B) do not necessarily involve genetic pressure, increased pathogen diversity in unvaccinated populations (C) is a consequence of lack of immunity, and non-specific activation of innate immunity (D) is not a selective process based on genetic traits.