Nokea
Which definition is the best description of the term genotype?
- A. Basic unit of heredity; arranged on chromosome
- B. Transmission of a disease from parent to child
- C. Genetic identity of an individual not seen as outward characteristics
- D. Family tree containing genetic characteristics and disorders of that family
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, which may or may not be visible through phenotypic traits.
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The differentiation of activated Th cells into various effector subsets depends mostly on:
- A. Signal 1 of activation
- B. The influence of polarizing cytokines secreted by dendritic cells
- C. Whether the T cell expresses CD4 or CD8
- D. The duration of signaling induced by TCR binding to peptide-MHC
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because polarizing cytokines secreted by dendritic cells play a crucial role in determining the differentiation of activated Th cells into specific effector subsets. These cytokines guide the Th cells towards different functional phenotypes, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, or Treg cells. This process helps tailor the immune response to the specific type of pathogen encountered. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because while signal 1 of activation, T cell receptor co-receptors, and duration of signaling are important factors in T cell activation and differentiation, they do not have as direct and significant an impact on effector subset differentiation as the influence of polarizing cytokines.
The nurse is reviewing a patient’s morning laboratory results. Which result is of greatest concern?
- A. Serum Na+ of 150 mEq/L
- B. Serum Mg2+ of 1.1 mEq/L
- C. Serum PO43– of 4.5 mg/dL
- D. Serum Ca2+ (total) of 8.6 mg/dL
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hypernatremia (Na+ >145 mEq/L) poses significant risks including dehydration, neurological symptoms, and seizures.
What role do the B-complex vitamins play in wound healing?
- A. Decrease metabolism
- B. Protect protein from being used for energy
- C. Provide metabolic energy for the inflammatory process
- D. Coenzymes for fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: B-complex vitamins support energy production, which fuels the inflammatory and reparative processes during wound healing.
What is a characteristic feature of atopy?
- A. Tendency to produce IgE in response to allergens
- B. Excess production of IgA antibodies
- C. Suppressed immune response to allergens
- D. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Atopy is a genetic predisposition to produce IgE antibodies in response to allergens.
2. IgE antibodies play a crucial role in allergic reactions.
3. Individuals with atopy have an exaggerated immune response to allergens.
4. Excess production of IgA antibodies (B) and suppressed immune response to allergens (C) are not characteristic features of atopy.
5. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions (D) involve a different immune mechanism compared to the immediate IgE-mediated response in atopy.
Identify the correct statement(s). In eukaryotic microorganisms:
- A. mRNA is short-lived (minutes).
- B. a single, circular chromosome is present.
- C. 5s, 16s, and 23s ribosomal RNA's are present.
- D. extrachromosomal DNA can be present.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because extrachromosomal DNA, such as plasmids, can be present in eukaryotic microorganisms. This is true for certain organisms like yeast and some fungi. These DNA molecules are separate from the main chromosomal DNA and can carry additional genetic information.
A: mRNA in eukaryotic microorganisms is not short-lived; it can have varying lifespans depending on the specific mRNA molecule and cellular conditions.
B: Eukaryotic microorganisms typically have multiple linear chromosomes, not a single circular chromosome.
C: While 5s, 16s, and 23s ribosomal RNAs are present in prokaryotic organisms, eukaryotic microorganisms have different types of ribosomal RNA subunits.