Nokea
Which disease can be caused by a lack of vitamin C?
- A. AIDS
- B. coronary heart disease
- C. rickets
- D. scurvy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: scurvy. Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, bleeding gums, and skin discoloration. Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, and its deficiency impairs collagen formation.
A: AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), not by a lack of vitamin C.
B: Coronary heart disease is primarily related to factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and smoking, not vitamin C deficiency.
C: Rickets is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, leading to soft and weak bones, not by a lack of vitamin C.
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Mrs. Klein, aged 35 years, has just been diagnosed as diabetic. She is being put on a 1200 calorie diabetic diet with 50% of the calories to be from carbohydrates, 20% from protein, and 30% from fat. In instructing her about her diet, which of the following would be the best breakfast to suggest?
- A. Three waffles with butter, dietetic syrup, coffee
- B. One boiled egg, corn flakes with one glass milk, coffee, glass of orange juice
- C. A cheese omelet (4 oz cheddar, three eggs), one slice toast, one glass milk
- D. Two buttered English muffins, glass of grapefruit juice, coffee
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A cheese omelet with protein and appropriate carbohydrate content fits the macronutrient distribution for a diabetic diet.
The hormone that stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus is .
- A. follicle-stimulating hormone
- B. oxytocin
- C. prolactin
- D. luteinizing hormone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: oxytocin. Oxytocin is the hormone responsible for stimulating the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus during childbirth and labor. It acts on the smooth muscle cells in the uterine wall, causing them to contract and aiding in the process of childbirth.
A: Follicle-stimulating hormone is involved in the regulation of the reproductive system, particularly in the development of ovarian follicles.
C: Prolactin is primarily responsible for milk production in the mammary glands.
D: Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum in the ovary.
Therefore, the correct answer is B because it directly affects the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus, which is essential during childbirth.
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________.
- A. ACTH
- B. growth hormone
- C. thyroxin
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: POMC is processed into various peptide hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol. This is why option A is correct. Growth hormone, thyroxin, and insulin are not derived from POMC, making options B, C, and D incorrect.
Aldosterone ________.
- A. is secreted by the neurohypophysis
- B. functions to increase sodium reabsorption
- C. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
- D. production is greatly influenced by ACTH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Aldosterone functions to increase sodium reabsorption. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that acts on the kidneys to enhance the reabsorption of sodium and water and excretion of potassium. This helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Aldosterone is not secreted by the neurohypophysis, but by the adrenal glands. C: Aldosterone actually decreases potassium concentration in the blood. D: Aldosterone production is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, not greatly influenced by ACTH.
Which hormone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
- A. Androgens
- B. Follicle-stimulating hormone
- C. Epinephrine
- D. Norepinephrine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Androgens. Androgens, such as testosterone, are responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle growth. Follicle-stimulating hormone (B) is involved in sperm production, not male secondary sexual characteristics. Epinephrine (C) and norepinephrine (D) are stress hormones and not related to the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.