Nokea
A deficiency of insulin causes:
- A. hypocalcemia.
- B. hyperglycemia.
- C. Cushing syndrome.
- D. adrenal shock.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: hyperglycemia. Insulin deficiency leads to an inability to regulate blood sugar levels, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells for energy utilization, leading to hyperglycemia. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Hypocalcemia is low calcium levels, not caused by insulin deficiency. C: Cushing syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, not related to insulin deficiency. D: Adrenal shock is a life-threatening condition due to insufficient adrenal gland function, not directly caused by insulin deficiency.
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In relation to the molecular mechanism of action of sympathomimetics, the following is CORRECT:
- A. Beta receptor stimulation increases c-GMP
- B. Alpha 2 receptor stimulation stimulates adenyl cyclase
- C. Alpha 2 receptor stimulation increases c-AMP
- D. Alpha 1 receptor stimulation releases IP3 and DAG
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Alpha 1 receptor stimulation releases IP3 and DAG. When alpha 1 receptors are stimulated by sympathomimetics, they activate G-proteins which then stimulate phospholipase C. Phospholipase C cleaves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 triggers the release of calcium from intracellular stores, leading to smooth muscle contraction, while DAG activates protein kinase C to initiate various cellular responses. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because beta receptor stimulation increases cAMP, alpha 2 receptor stimulation inhibits adenyl cyclase leading to decreased cAMP levels, and alpha 2 receptor stimulation does not increase cAMP.
A patient with a recent drug poisoning is transported to the emergency department. The physician orders (correctly, in this case) administration of pralidoxime as part of the comprehensive emergency treatment plan. Which one of the following best describes who the patient was?
- A. A 13-year-old boy who took an overdose of amphetamine for his ADD/ADHD
- B. A 43-year-old who took an overdose of neostigmine, prescribed for her myasthenia gravis, in a suicide attempt
- C. A 6-year-old who got into the family medicine cabinet and took 10 'adult doses' of her dad's prazosin
- D. A farm/field worker accidentally doused with insecticide from an overflying crop-duster plane
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because pralidoxime is used to treat poisoning from organophosphate insecticides, which are commonly used in agriculture. The patient is likely a farm/field worker who was accidentally exposed to insecticide.
A: Amphetamine poisoning does not require pralidoxime.
B: Neostigmine is not an organophosphate insecticide.
C: Prazosin is not an organophosphate insecticide and is unlikely to require pralidoxime in this context.
In summary, the correct answer is D because the patient's exposure to insecticide aligns with the indication for pralidoxime use, while the other choices involve different substances that do not require pralidoxime treatment.
Which is absorbed mainly in the colon?
- A. short chain fatty acids
- B. calcium
- C. vitamin K
- D. oligosaccharides
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: short chain fatty acids. The colon is where most of the absorption of short chain fatty acids occurs after digestion in the small intestine. Short chain fatty acids are produced by gut bacteria breaking down dietary fiber and play a crucial role in energy production and maintaining gut health. Calcium is primarily absorbed in the small intestine, vitamin K is absorbed in the small intestine and liver, and oligosaccharides are mainly broken down in the small intestine by enzymes. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it aligns with the specific absorption function of the colon.
The patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is in the clinic to check his long-term glycemic control. Which test should be used?
- A. Water deprivation test
- B. Fasting blood glucose test
- C. Oral glucose tolerance test
- D. Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The A1C test measures long-term glycemic control and is the most appropriate test for monitoring type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Which of the following post-operative nursing actions should the nurse perform when a client with acromegaly has nasal packing?
- A. Detect the signs of increased intracranial pressure and meningitis
- B. Detect the presence of cerebrospinal fluid
- C. Detect the signs of hypoglycemia
- D. Detect the presence of striae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be detected after nasal packing, as leakage of CSF may indicate a cerebrospinal fluid leak, which can occur after pituitary surgery.