Nokea
Which row identifies the product at each electrode?
- A. bromide ions, lead ions
- B. bromine, lead
- C. lead ions, bromide ions
- D. lead, bromine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because lead is the product at the cathode (negative electrode) during electrolysis, while bromine is the product at the anode (positive electrode). Lead is reduced at the cathode to form lead metal, and bromine is oxidized at the anode to form bromine gas. This is in line with the general rule that cations are attracted to the cathode and are reduced, while anions are attracted to the anode and are oxidized.
Choice A is incorrect as bromide ions are reduced at the cathode, not lead ions. Choice B is incorrect because bromine is produced at the anode, not lead. Choice C is incorrect because lead ions are reduced at the cathode, not bromide ions.
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A patient presents with a tumor of the adrenal gland. It is determined that the levels of renin-angiotensin is low. Which of the following would lead to increased renin-angiotensin levels?
- A. Cushing's syndrome
- B. Secondary hyperaldosteronism
- C. Primary hyperaldosteronism, Conn's syndrome
- D. A and B
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Secondary hyperaldosteronism. In this scenario, the low renin-angiotensin levels indicate a feedback mechanism where the body is trying to compensate for high aldosterone levels. Secondary hyperaldosteronism, which can be caused by conditions like renal artery stenosis or heart failure, leads to increased aldosterone secretion independent of renin levels, resulting in low renin-angiotensin levels.
A: Cushing's syndrome is associated with excess cortisol production, but it does not directly influence renin-angiotensin levels.
C: Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) is characterized by high aldosterone levels, not low renin-angiotensin levels.
D: Both Cushing's syndrome and secondary hyperaldosteronism do not necessarily occur together, making this option incorrect.
Calcium level in the blood is regulated by hormones released from the .
- A. testes
- B. adrenal medulla and pancreas
- C. parathyroid and thymus
- D. parathyroid and thyroid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because calcium regulation in the blood is primarily controlled by hormones released from the parathyroid and thyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) released by the parathyroid glands increases blood calcium levels, while calcitonin released by the thyroid gland decreases blood calcium levels. The other choices are incorrect because the testes primarily produce hormones related to reproduction (not calcium regulation), the adrenal medulla and pancreas are not directly involved in calcium regulation, and the thymus is involved in immune function but not in calcium regulation.
Atropine is used clinically in all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
- A. Pre-anesthetic medication
- B. Organic phosphate poisoning
- C. Intestinal colic
- D. Xerostomia (Dry mouth)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that works by blocking the action of acetylcholine. Xerostomia (dry mouth) is a symptom caused by decreased salivary gland activity, so using atropine would exacerbate this condition. In contrast, atropine is used in pre-anesthetic medication to reduce secretions, in organic phosphate poisoning to counteract the cholinergic effects, and in intestinal colic to relax smooth muscles. Therefore, the correct answer is D because atropine would worsen dry mouth.
Which of the following post-operative nursing actions should the nurse perform when a client with acromegaly has nasal packing?
- A. Detect the signs of increased intracranial pressure and meningitis
- B. Detect the presence of cerebrospinal fluid
- C. Detect the signs of hypoglycemia
- D. Detect the presence of striae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be detected after nasal packing, as leakage of CSF may indicate a cerebrospinal fluid leak, which can occur after pituitary surgery.
Regarding bilirubin:
- A. unconjugated bilirubin is more soluble than conjugated
- B. all conjugated bilirubin is excreted via the intestine
- C. bile duct obstruction causes jaundice secondary to unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
- D. haemolytic anaemia may cause ?????? hyperbilirubinaemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in hemolytic anemia, there is an increased breakdown of red blood cells, leading to excess bilirubin production. This results in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Unconjugated bilirubin is less soluble than conjugated bilirubin (Choice A). Conjugated bilirubin is excreted via the bile into the intestine, but not all of it is excreted in this manner (Choice B). Bile duct obstruction typically leads to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, not unconjugated (Choice C).