Nokea
A calorie is:
- A. standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1L of water 1° from 15-16°C
- B. standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of mercury 1° from 17-18°C
- C. the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 17-18°C
- D. the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 15-16°C
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: the standard unit of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1gm of water 1° from 15-16°C. This is because a calorie is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. This definition aligns perfectly with choice D. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they involve raising the temperature of different substances (1L of water, 1gm of mercury, and 1gm of water) by 1 degree Celsius over different temperature ranges (15-16°C, 17-18°C), which do not match the standard definition of a calorie.
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A 46-year-old woman has hirsutism, hyperglycemia, obesity, muscle wasting, and increased ACTH. The most likely cause of her symptoms is
- A. primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison disease)
- B. pheochromocytoma
- C. primary overproduction of ACTH (Cushing disease)
- D. treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: primary overproduction of ACTH (Cushing disease). In this case, the symptoms match those of Cushing syndrome, which is characterized by excess cortisol production. The increased ACTH levels are indicative of the pituitary gland overproducing ACTH, leading to excess cortisol. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not match the symptoms presented. Choice D is incorrect because exogenous glucocorticoids would not lead to increased ACTH levels.
Which of the following statements regarding hormones is incorrect?
- A. Hormones and neurotransmitters require a synapse in order to communicate information to other cells and tissues.
- B. Only cells that have receptors to a certain hormone may be affected by that hormone.
- C. Hormones can cause target cells to alter patterns of gene expression, producing proteins in different quantities
- D. G proteins and cAMP are second messengers that serve to enhance or amplify the hormonal effect.
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A because hormones and neurotransmitters do not require a synapse to communicate with other cells. Hormones are typically released into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body to target cells with specific receptors. Neurotransmitters, on the other hand, communicate across synapses between nerve cells. Choice B is correct as hormones only affect cells with specific receptors. Choice C is correct as hormones can indeed influence gene expression in target cells. Choice D is correct as G proteins and cAMP are common second messengers that help transmit the hormonal signal within the cell.
In a patient with central diabetes insipidus, what will the administration of ADH during a water deprivation test result in?
- A. Decrease in body weight
- B. Decrease in blood pressure
- C. Increase in urinary output
- D. Increase in urine osmolality
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In central diabetes insipidus, administering ADH during a water deprivation test will result in an increase in urine osmolality due to the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine in response to ADH.
The islets of Langerhans:
- A. are cells found in the adenohypophysis.
- B. secrete insulin and glucagon.
- C. secrete steroids.
- D. secrete releasing hormones.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells in the pancreas.
Step 2: These cells secrete insulin to lower blood sugar levels and glucagon to raise blood sugar levels.
Step 3: Therefore, choice B is correct as it accurately describes the function of the islets of Langerhans.
Summary: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as islets of Langerhans are not found in the adenohypophysis, do not secrete steroids, and do not secrete releasing hormones.
Which of the following post-operative nursing actions should the nurse perform when a client with acromegaly has nasal packing?
- A. Detect the signs of increased intracranial pressure and meningitis
- B. Detect the presence of cerebrospinal fluid
- C. Detect the signs of hypoglycemia
- D. Detect the presence of striae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be detected after nasal packing, as leakage of CSF may indicate a cerebrospinal fluid leak, which can occur after pituitary surgery.