Nokea
Which of the following hormones is released in response to a nerve impulse?
- A. ADH
- B. cortisol
- C. testosterone
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone). ADH is released in response to a nerve impulse to regulate water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Nerve impulses trigger the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland. Cortisol (B) is released in response to stress, testosterone (C) is a sex hormone, and insulin (D) is released in response to high blood sugar levels, not nerve impulses.
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The stimulus for producing insulin is __________.
- A. low blood amino acid concentration
- B. low blood glucose concentration
- C. low blood fatty acid concentration
- D. high blood glucose concentration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: high blood glucose concentration. Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels. High blood glucose signals the body to lower it by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. Low blood amino acid, fatty acid, or glucose concentrations would not stimulate insulin release as they do not directly regulate blood sugar levels.
Alexa, a 32-year-old woman, has been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Nursing interventions would include teaching her about the typical accompanying signs and symptoms, such as:
- A. Weight loss, malar rash, and pharyngitis.
- B. Hypothyroidism, podagra, and elevated fasting glucose.
- C. Violaceous rash, pitting peripheral edema, and palpitation.
- D. Hypertension, low HDL, and elevated triglycerides.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a combination of hypertension, low HDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, abdominal obesity, and elevated fasting glucose.
Simple goiter can be prevented by _________.
- A. antibiotics
- B. adding iodine to the diet
- C. surgery
- D. hormone therapy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: adding iodine to the diet. Iodine deficiency is a common cause of simple goiter. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones, and a lack of it can lead to the enlargement of the thyroid gland. Adding iodine to the diet helps prevent simple goiter by ensuring the thyroid has enough iodine to function properly. Antibiotics (choice A) are not effective for preventing goiter as it is not caused by bacteria. Surgery (choice C) and hormone therapy (choice D) are typically used to treat goiter once it has developed, not prevent it.
Superior mesenteric artery is …………to the neck of the pancreas and ………….to uncinate process
- A. Posterior, inferior
- B. Anterior, posterior
- C. Posterior, superior
- D. Posterior, anterior
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the superior mesenteric artery is located posterior to the neck of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process. This is anatomically accurate as the artery runs behind the neck of the pancreas and in front of the uncinate process. Choice A is incorrect as it places the artery inferior to the neck of the pancreas. Choice B is incorrect as it positions the artery in front of the neck of the pancreas and behind the uncinate process. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests the artery is above the neck of the pancreas and behind the uncinate process, which is not accurate in anatomical terms.
We want to prescribe scopolamine, as a transdermal drug delivery system (skin patch), for a patient who will be leaving for an expensive cruise and is very susceptible to motion sickness. For which of the following co-morbidities is scopolamine contraindicated?
- A. Angle-closure (narrow-angle) glaucoma
- B. Bradycardia
- C. History of shellfish allergies
- D. Resting blood pressure of 112/70
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angle-closure (narrow-angle) glaucoma. Scopolamine, an anticholinergic medication, can worsen angle-closure glaucoma by causing pupil dilation leading to increased intraocular pressure. This can result in a sudden and severe increase in eye pressure, leading to potential vision loss. Therefore, it is contraindicated in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma.
B: Bradycardia is not a contraindication for scopolamine use as it may actually help in treating motion sickness.
C: History of shellfish allergies is not a contraindication for scopolamine as the medication is not derived from shellfish and is safe for patients with this allergy.
D: Resting blood pressure of 112/70 is not a contraindication for scopolamine use as it falls within the normal range and should not pose any significant risk.