Nokea
Which of the following is NOT true of aldosterone?
- A. Targets kidney tubules to absorb sodium and water and to excrete potassium.
- B. It is a mineralocorticoid.
- C. Causes a decrease in urine volume.
- D. It causes a decrease in blood pressure.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because aldosterone actually causes an increase in blood pressure by promoting sodium and water retention in the kidneys. This leads to an expansion of blood volume and subsequently an increase in blood pressure. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because aldosterone does indeed target kidney tubules to absorb sodium and water, it is a mineralocorticoid hormone, and it causes a decrease in urine volume due to its role in water and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
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Aldosterone ________.
- A. is secreted by the neurohypophysis
- B. functions to increase sodium reabsorption
- C. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
- D. production is greatly influenced by ACTH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Aldosterone functions to increase sodium reabsorption. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that acts on the kidneys to enhance the reabsorption of sodium and water and excretion of potassium. This helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Aldosterone is not secreted by the neurohypophysis, but by the adrenal glands. C: Aldosterone actually decreases potassium concentration in the blood. D: Aldosterone production is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, not greatly influenced by ACTH.
Melatonin from the pineal gland regulates ____.
- A. sleep-wake cycles.
- B. water balance.
- C. sexual development.
- D. Both A and C
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Both A and C. Melatonin from the pineal gland regulates sleep-wake cycles (A) by influencing the body's internal clock. It also plays a role in sexual development (C) by influencing the release of reproductive hormones. Other choices, B (water balance), are regulated by hormones like ADH and aldosterone, not melatonin. The correct answer encompasses the functions of melatonin in both sleep regulation and sexual development.
Iodine, colloid, and goiter refer to which gland?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Thyroid
- D. Neurohypophysis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thyroid. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. A colloid is a gel-like substance found in the thyroid follicles. Goiter is a condition of thyroid enlargement. The other choices are incorrect because the pancreas (A) produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, the parathyroid (B) regulates calcium levels, and the neurohypophysis (D) is part of the pituitary gland responsible for releasing hormones like vasopressin. Thus, the correct choice is the thyroid gland due to its association with iodine, colloid, and goiter.
Which of the following is least associated with the adrenal medulla?
- A. Catecholamines
- B. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
- C. Fight-or-flight response
- D. Sugar, salt, and sex
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the adrenal medulla is primarily involved in the production of catecholamines, specifically epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are associated with the fight-or-flight response. This response is triggered by stress and prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and redirecting blood flow. On the other hand, the regulation of sugar, salt, and sex hormones is mainly controlled by the adrenal cortex, not the adrenal medulla. Therefore, while choices A, B, and C are directly related to the adrenal medulla's function, choice D is least associated with it.
Gonadocorticoid(s) ________.
- A. synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens
- B. production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty
- C. secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH
- D. hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because during late puberty, the production of sex hormones by the gonads significantly outweighs the production of gonadocorticoids by the adrenal gland. This is due to the maturation and increased activity of the gonads during this developmental stage.
Rationale:
A: Synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily catecholamines, not androgens.
C: Secretion inhibition of gonadocorticoids is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, not solely by a negative feedback loop involving ACTH.
D: Hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome, not adrenogenital syndrome or feminization.