Nokea
The stimulus for producing insulin is __________.
- A. low blood amino acid concentration
- B. low blood glucose concentration
- C. low blood fatty acid concentration
- D. high blood glucose concentration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: high blood glucose concentration. Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels. High blood glucose signals the body to lower it by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. Low blood amino acid, fatty acid, or glucose concentrations would not stimulate insulin release as they do not directly regulate blood sugar levels.
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A 46-year-old woman has hirsutism, hyperglycemia, obesity, muscle wasting, and increased ACTH. The most likely cause of her symptoms is
- A. primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison disease)
- B. pheochromocytoma
- C. primary overproduction of ACTH (Cushing disease)
- D. treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: primary overproduction of ACTH (Cushing disease). In this case, the symptoms match those of Cushing syndrome, which is characterized by excess cortisol production. The increased ACTH levels are indicative of the pituitary gland overproducing ACTH, leading to excess cortisol. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not match the symptoms presented. Choice D is incorrect because exogenous glucocorticoids would not lead to increased ACTH levels.
Which of the following statements regarding hormones is incorrect?
- A. Hormones and neurotransmitters require a synapse in order to communicate information to other cells and tissues.
- B. Only cells that have receptors to a certain hormone may be affected by that hormone.
- C. Hormones can cause target cells to alter patterns of gene expression, producing proteins in different quantities
- D. G proteins and cAMP are second messengers that serve to enhance or amplify the hormonal effect.
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A because hormones and neurotransmitters do not require a synapse to communicate with other cells. Hormones are typically released into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body to target cells with specific receptors. Neurotransmitters, on the other hand, communicate across synapses between nerve cells. Choice B is correct as hormones only affect cells with specific receptors. Choice C is correct as hormones can indeed influence gene expression in target cells. Choice D is correct as G proteins and cAMP are common second messengers that help transmit the hormonal signal within the cell.
Iodine, colloid, and goiter refer to which gland?
- A. Pancreas
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Thyroid
- D. Neurohypophysis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thyroid. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. A colloid is a gel-like substance found in the thyroid follicles. Goiter is a condition of thyroid enlargement. The other choices are incorrect because the pancreas (A) produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, the parathyroid (B) regulates calcium levels, and the neurohypophysis (D) is part of the pituitary gland responsible for releasing hormones like vasopressin. Thus, the correct choice is the thyroid gland due to its association with iodine, colloid, and goiter.
Which of the following post-operative nursing actions should the nurse perform when a client with acromegaly has nasal packing?
- A. Detect the signs of increased intracranial pressure and meningitis
- B. Detect the presence of cerebrospinal fluid
- C. Detect the signs of hypoglycemia
- D. Detect the presence of striae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be detected after nasal packing, as leakage of CSF may indicate a cerebrospinal fluid leak, which can occur after pituitary surgery.
The endocrine gland(s) referred to as the 'master gland' is the:
- A. pancreas
- B. adrenal glands
- C. thyroid gland
- D. pituitary gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes hormones that regulate various bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. It is located at the base of the brain and is divided into two parts: anterior and posterior. The anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several important hormones that influence other endocrine glands. The other choices (A: pancreas, B: adrenal glands, C: thyroid gland) do not have the same broad regulatory control over the endocrine system as the pituitary gland.