Nokea
The patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is in the clinic to check his long-term glycemic control. Which test should be used?
- A. Water deprivation test
- B. Fasting blood glucose test
- C. Oral glucose tolerance test
- D. Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The A1C test measures long-term glycemic control and is the most appropriate test for monitoring type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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How do hormones from the thyroid and parathyroid regulate the calcium concentration of the blood?
- A. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium; parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium.
- B. Parathyroid hormone lowers blood calcium; calcitonin raises blood calcium.
- C. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine together regulate calcium levels, as needs dictate.
- D. Both parathroid hormone and the three thyroid hormones function to regulate blood calcium levels.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland and lowers blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in bones.
Step 2: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid gland and raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.
Step 3: Since Calcitonin lowers blood calcium and PTH raises blood calcium, choice A is correct.
Summary: Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they provide inaccurate information about the roles of calcitonin, PTH, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine in regulating blood calcium levels.
Which of the following statements regarding hormones is incorrect?
- A. Hormones and neurotransmitters require a synapse in order to communicate information to other cells and tissues.
- B. Only cells that have receptors to a certain hormone may be affected by that hormone.
- C. Hormones can cause target cells to alter patterns of gene expression, producing proteins in different quantities
- D. G proteins and cAMP are second messengers that serve to enhance or amplify the hormonal effect.
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A because hormones and neurotransmitters do not require a synapse to communicate with other cells. Hormones are typically released into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body to target cells with specific receptors. Neurotransmitters, on the other hand, communicate across synapses between nerve cells. Choice B is correct as hormones only affect cells with specific receptors. Choice C is correct as hormones can indeed influence gene expression in target cells. Choice D is correct as G proteins and cAMP are common second messengers that help transmit the hormonal signal within the cell.
The anterior pituitary gland receives hormone messages from the hypothalamus via ________.
- A. a capillary network
- B. neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the pituitary
- C. Schwann cells
- D. both a and b
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: a capillary network. The hypothalamus secretes hormones into the capillary network called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system. These hormones travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland to regulate the release of its own hormones. Choice B is incorrect because neurons do not directly connect the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Choice C is incorrect because Schwann cells are involved in myelination of peripheral nerves, not hormone transport. Choice D is incorrect because although both options A and B involve communication between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, it is specifically the capillary network that carries hormone messages in this case.
Steatorrhoea occurs with all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. gastrinoma
- B. congenital defect in gastric lipase
- C. ileal disease with failure to reabsorb bile salts
- D. exocrine pancreatic disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: congenital defect in gastric lipase. Steatorrhoea is the presence of excess fat in the stool due to malabsorption. Gastrinoma (A), ileal disease (C), and exocrine pancreatic disease (D) can all lead to malabsorption of fats resulting in steatorrhoea. However, a congenital defect in gastric lipase does not directly affect fat absorption in the intestines, making it the exception in this scenario.
The two regulatory systems of the body are the endocrine system and the _______.
- A. nervous system
- B. immune system
- C. circulatory system
- D. respiratory system
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nervous system. The endocrine system regulates processes through hormones, while the nervous system controls body functions through electrical impulses. Both systems work together to maintain homeostasis. The other choices are incorrect because the immune system focuses on defense against pathogens, the circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen, and the respiratory system facilitates gas exchange. Only the nervous system aligns with regulating body functions alongside the endocrine system.