Nokea
Superior mesenteric artery is …………to the neck of the pancreas and ………….to uncinate process
- A. Posterior, inferior
- B. Anterior, posterior
- C. Posterior, superior
- D. Posterior, anterior
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the superior mesenteric artery is located posterior to the neck of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process. This is anatomically accurate as the artery runs behind the neck of the pancreas and in front of the uncinate process. Choice A is incorrect as it places the artery inferior to the neck of the pancreas. Choice B is incorrect as it positions the artery in front of the neck of the pancreas and behind the uncinate process. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests the artery is above the neck of the pancreas and behind the uncinate process, which is not accurate in anatomical terms.
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Which of the following statements regarding hormones is incorrect?
- A. Hormones and neurotransmitters require a synapse in order to communicate information to other cells and tissues.
- B. Only cells that have receptors to a certain hormone may be affected by that hormone.
- C. Hormones can cause target cells to alter patterns of gene expression, producing proteins in different quantities
- D. G proteins and cAMP are second messengers that serve to enhance or amplify the hormonal effect.
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A because hormones and neurotransmitters do not require a synapse to communicate with other cells. Hormones are typically released into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body to target cells with specific receptors. Neurotransmitters, on the other hand, communicate across synapses between nerve cells. Choice B is correct as hormones only affect cells with specific receptors. Choice C is correct as hormones can indeed influence gene expression in target cells. Choice D is correct as G proteins and cAMP are common second messengers that help transmit the hormonal signal within the cell.
The primary role of the parathyroid gland is:
- A. To maintain metabolic homeostasis
- B. To regulate serum calcium levels
- C. To send hormonal signals to other endocrine glands
- D. To receive hormonal signals from the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: To regulate serum calcium levels. The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium levels in the blood. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the primary function of the parathyroid gland is specifically related to calcium regulation, not general metabolic homeostasis, signaling to other glands, or receiving signals from the hypothalamus.
You are caring for a diabetic patient who is developing DKA. Which delegated task is most appropriate?
- A. Ask the unit clerk to page the physician to come to the unit.
- B. Ask the LPN/LVN to administer IV insulin according to the sliding scale.
- C. Ask the nursing assistant to check the patient's level of consciousness.
- D. Ask the nursing assistant to get the patient a cup of orange juice.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Checking the patient's level of consciousness is a crucial assessment for a patient developing DKA, and this task can be delegated to the nursing assistant.
A patient is hospitalized with adrenocortical insufficiency. Which nursing activity should you delegate to the nursing assistant?
- A. Remind patient to change positions slowly.
- B. Check the patient for muscle weakness.
- C. Teach the patient how to collect 24-hour urine.
- D. Plan nursing interventions to promote fluid balance.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reminding the patient to change positions slowly is a non-invasive task that is appropriate for delegation to a nursing assistant, as it helps prevent dizziness or hypotension due to adrenocortical insufficiency.
Mr. M has just had a subtotal thyroidectomy. During the first 12 hours postoperatively, which of the following should be included in his nursing care?
- A. Instructing the patient to avoid moving the head
- B. Monitoring for signs of hemorrhage and shock
- C. Administering medications to reduce thyroid hormone levels
- D. Preparing the patient for thyroid replacement therapy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Postoperative care after a thyroidectomy focuses on monitoring for complications like hemorrhage, which can be life-threatening.