Chapter 17 Endocrine System Test Questions

Chapter 17 Endocrine System Test Questions Related

Review Chapter 17 Endocrine System Test Questions related questions and content

A patient presents with a tumor of the adrenal gland. It is determined that the levels of renin-angiotensin is low. Which of the following would lead to increased renin-angiotensin levels?

  • A. Cushing's syndrome
  • B. Secondary hyperaldosteronism
  • C. Primary hyperaldosteronism, Conn's syndrome
  • D. A and B
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Secondary hyperaldosteronism. In this scenario, the low renin-angiotensin levels indicate a feedback mechanism where the body is trying to compensate for high aldosterone levels. Secondary hyperaldosteronism, which can be caused by conditions like renal artery stenosis or heart failure, leads to increased aldosterone secretion independent of renin levels, resulting in low renin-angiotensin levels.

A: Cushing's syndrome is associated with excess cortisol production, but it does not directly influence renin-angiotensin levels.

C: Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) is characterized by high aldosterone levels, not low renin-angiotensin levels.

D: Both Cushing's syndrome and secondary hyperaldosteronism do not necessarily occur together, making this option incorrect.

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Cushing syndrome and Addison’s disease are:

  • A. forms of chronic adrenal cortical hypofunction.
  • B. forms of chronic adrenal cortical hypersecretion.
  • C. treated with replacement doses of cortisol (i.e., prednisone).
  • D. disorders of the adrenal cortex.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because both Cushing syndrome and Addison's disease are disorders of the adrenal cortex. Cushing syndrome involves excessive cortisol production, while Addison's disease is characterized by insufficient cortisol production. Both conditions directly affect the adrenal cortex, leading to hormonal imbalances.

Choice A is incorrect because Cushing syndrome involves hyperfunction, not hypofunction. Choice B is incorrect as it states hypersecretion, which is true for Cushing syndrome but not for Addison's disease. Choice C is incorrect because while replacement cortisol therapy is used for Addison's disease, it is not the only treatment option, and it does not apply to Cushing syndrome.

Which disease can be caused by a lack of vitamin C?

  • A. AIDS
  • B. coronary heart disease
  • C. rickets
  • D. scurvy
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: scurvy. Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, bleeding gums, and skin discoloration. Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, and its deficiency impairs collagen formation.
A: AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), not by a lack of vitamin C.
B: Coronary heart disease is primarily related to factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and smoking, not vitamin C deficiency.
C: Rickets is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, leading to soft and weak bones, not by a lack of vitamin C.

Organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases exert their lethal effects by:

  • A. Blocking alpha and β-adrenergic receptors
  • B. Blocking all muscarinic receptors on target cells
  • C. Blocking nicotinic receptors in the brain
  • D. Inhibiting acetylcholine metabolism
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases inhibit acetylcholine metabolism by irreversibly binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine at synapses. This results in overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing symptoms of cholinergic toxicity.

Choice A is incorrect because alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors are not the targets of organophosphates. Choice B is incorrect because organophosphates do not block all muscarinic receptors. Choice C is incorrect because organophosphates do not specifically target nicotinic receptors in the brain.

Iodine, colloid, and goiter refer to which gland?

  • A. Pancreas
  • B. Parathyroid
  • C. Thyroid
  • D. Neurohypophysis
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thyroid. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. A colloid is a gel-like substance found in the thyroid follicles. Goiter is a condition of thyroid enlargement. The other choices are incorrect because the pancreas (A) produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, the parathyroid (B) regulates calcium levels, and the neurohypophysis (D) is part of the pituitary gland responsible for releasing hormones like vasopressin. Thus, the correct choice is the thyroid gland due to its association with iodine, colloid, and goiter.

Steatorrhoea occurs with all of the following EXCEPT:

  • A. gastrinoma
  • B. congenital defect in gastric lipase
  • C. ileal disease with failure to reabsorb bile salts
  • D. exocrine pancreatic disease
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: congenital defect in gastric lipase. Steatorrhoea is the presence of excess fat in the stool due to malabsorption. Gastrinoma (A), ileal disease (C), and exocrine pancreatic disease (D) can all lead to malabsorption of fats resulting in steatorrhoea. However, a congenital defect in gastric lipase does not directly affect fat absorption in the intestines, making it the exception in this scenario.

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