Nokea
Like the small intestine, the large intestine has villi to aid absorption?
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: FALSE. The large intestine does not have villi like the small intestine. Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, and does not have villi. Other choices are incorrect because the large intestine does not have villi and does not aid in absorption like the small intestine.
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A 46-year-old woman has hirsutism, hyperglycemia, obesity, muscle wasting, and increased ACTH. The most likely cause of her symptoms is
- A. primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison disease)
- B. pheochromocytoma
- C. primary overproduction of ACTH (Cushing disease)
- D. treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: primary overproduction of ACTH (Cushing disease). In this case, the symptoms match those of Cushing syndrome, which is characterized by excess cortisol production. The increased ACTH levels are indicative of the pituitary gland overproducing ACTH, leading to excess cortisol. Choices A and B are incorrect as they do not match the symptoms presented. Choice D is incorrect because exogenous glucocorticoids would not lead to increased ACTH levels.
All of the following are cardiovascular actions of noradrenaline EXCEPT:
- A. Increases systolic blood pressure
- B. Increases diastolic blood pressure
- C. Reflex bradycardia
- D. Constriction of coronary blood vessels
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Noradrenaline acts on alpha receptors in the cardiovascular system, leading to increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It also causes reflex bradycardia by activating baroreceptors. However, noradrenaline does not directly constrict coronary blood vessels, as it primarily acts on alpha receptors and not on coronary vessels. This lack of direct effect on coronary blood vessels is why option D is the correct answer.
The primary role of the parathyroid gland is:
- A. To maintain metabolic homeostasis
- B. To regulate serum calcium levels
- C. To send hormonal signals to other endocrine glands
- D. To receive hormonal signals from the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: To regulate serum calcium levels. The parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium levels in the blood. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the primary function of the parathyroid gland is specifically related to calcium regulation, not general metabolic homeostasis, signaling to other glands, or receiving signals from the hypothalamus.
What is the most likely effect of a deficiency of aldosterone?
- A. High blood pressure
- B. Low level of potassium in the blood
- C. Low blood volume and hypotension
- D. Goiter formation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Aldosterone regulates sodium and water balance in the body.
2. Deficiency leads to decreased sodium reabsorption, causing low blood volume.
3. Low blood volume results in hypotension due to reduced blood flow to tissues.
4. Choices A and B are incorrect as aldosterone deficiency does not cause high blood pressure or low potassium levels.
5. Choice D is incorrect as goiter formation is mainly related to thyroid hormone imbalance, not aldosterone deficiency.
A patient with a recent drug poisoning is transported to the emergency department. The physician orders (correctly, in this case) administration of pralidoxime as part of the comprehensive emergency treatment plan. Which one of the following best describes who the patient was?
- A. A 13-year-old boy who took an overdose of amphetamine for his ADD/ADHD
- B. A 43-year-old who took an overdose of neostigmine, prescribed for her myasthenia gravis, in a suicide attempt
- C. A 6-year-old who got into the family medicine cabinet and took 10 'adult doses' of her dad's prazosin
- D. A farm/field worker accidentally doused with insecticide from an overflying crop-duster plane
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because pralidoxime is used to treat poisoning from organophosphate insecticides, which are commonly used in agriculture. The patient is likely a farm/field worker who was accidentally exposed to insecticide.
A: Amphetamine poisoning does not require pralidoxime.
B: Neostigmine is not an organophosphate insecticide.
C: Prazosin is not an organophosphate insecticide and is unlikely to require pralidoxime in this context.
In summary, the correct answer is D because the patient's exposure to insecticide aligns with the indication for pralidoxime use, while the other choices involve different substances that do not require pralidoxime treatment.