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The patient with newly diagnosed diabetes is displaying shakiness, confusion, irritability, and slurred speech. What should the nurse suspect is happening?
- A. DKA
- B. Hypoglycemia
- C. HHS
- D. Hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Shakiness, confusion, irritability, and slurred speech are common symptoms of hypoglycemia, which should be addressed promptly.
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The islets of Langerhans:
- A. are cells found in the adenohypophysis.
- B. secrete insulin and glucagon.
- C. secrete steroids.
- D. secrete releasing hormones.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells in the pancreas.
Step 2: These cells secrete insulin to lower blood sugar levels and glucagon to raise blood sugar levels.
Step 3: Therefore, choice B is correct as it accurately describes the function of the islets of Langerhans.
Summary: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as islets of Langerhans are not found in the adenohypophysis, do not secrete steroids, and do not secrete releasing hormones.
The anterior pituitary gland receives hormone messages from the hypothalamus via ________.
- A. a capillary network
- B. neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the pituitary
- C. Schwann cells
- D. both a and b
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: a capillary network. The hypothalamus secretes hormones into the capillary network called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system. These hormones travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland to regulate the release of its own hormones. Choice B is incorrect because neurons do not directly connect the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Choice C is incorrect because Schwann cells are involved in myelination of peripheral nerves, not hormone transport. Choice D is incorrect because although both options A and B involve communication between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, it is specifically the capillary network that carries hormone messages in this case.
Which one of the following is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells:
- A. plasma membrane permeability changes
- B. cellular mutations occur
- C. enzymes are activated or inactivated
- D. mitosis is stimulated
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: cellular mutations occur. Hormone binding typically triggers signaling cascades that lead to cellular responses like changing plasma membrane permeability, activating/inactivating enzymes, or stimulating mitosis. Cellular mutations are not a direct result of hormone binding and are typically caused by external factors like radiation or chemicals. In this context, mutations do not happen as an immediate response to hormone binding. Therefore, option B is the correct choice. Plasma membrane permeability changes, enzyme activation/inactivation, and mitosis stimulation are all typical outcomes of hormone binding and subsequent signaling pathways.
What is the name of the change of state?
- A. condensation
- B. evaporation
- C. melting
- D. solidification
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: solidification. Solidification is the process in which a substance changes from a liquid state to a solid state by losing heat energy. In this process, the particles slow down and come closer together, forming a solid structure.
Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Condensation is the change of state from gas to liquid, not from liquid to solid.
B: Evaporation is the change of state from liquid to gas, not from liquid to solid.
C: Melting is the change of state from solid to liquid, not from liquid to solid.
In summary, the process described in the question, changing from a liquid state to a solid state, is known as solidification, making it the correct answer.
Like the small intestine, the large intestine has villi to aid absorption?
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: FALSE. The large intestine does not have villi like the small intestine. Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, and does not have villi. Other choices are incorrect because the large intestine does not have villi and does not aid in absorption like the small intestine.