Nokea
The two regulatory systems of the body are the endocrine system and the _______.
- A. nervous system
- B. immune system
- C. circulatory system
- D. respiratory system
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nervous system. The endocrine system regulates processes through hormones, while the nervous system controls body functions through electrical impulses. Both systems work together to maintain homeostasis. The other choices are incorrect because the immune system focuses on defense against pathogens, the circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen, and the respiratory system facilitates gas exchange. Only the nervous system aligns with regulating body functions alongside the endocrine system.
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The anterior pituitary gland receives hormone messages from the hypothalamus via ________.
- A. a capillary network
- B. neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the pituitary
- C. Schwann cells
- D. both a and b
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: a capillary network. The hypothalamus secretes hormones into the capillary network called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system. These hormones travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland to regulate the release of its own hormones. Choice B is incorrect because neurons do not directly connect the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Choice C is incorrect because Schwann cells are involved in myelination of peripheral nerves, not hormone transport. Choice D is incorrect because although both options A and B involve communication between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, it is specifically the capillary network that carries hormone messages in this case.
Which of the following statements regarding hormones is incorrect?
- A. Hormones and neurotransmitters require a synapse in order to communicate information to other cells and tissues.
- B. Only cells that have receptors to a certain hormone may be affected by that hormone.
- C. Hormones can cause target cells to alter patterns of gene expression, producing proteins in different quantities
- D. G proteins and cAMP are second messengers that serve to enhance or amplify the hormonal effect.
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A because hormones and neurotransmitters do not require a synapse to communicate with other cells. Hormones are typically released into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body to target cells with specific receptors. Neurotransmitters, on the other hand, communicate across synapses between nerve cells. Choice B is correct as hormones only affect cells with specific receptors. Choice C is correct as hormones can indeed influence gene expression in target cells. Choice D is correct as G proteins and cAMP are common second messengers that help transmit the hormonal signal within the cell.
All of the following are β-adrenergic agonists EXCEPT:
- A. Adrenaline
- B. Dopamine
- C. Noradrenaline
- D. Phenylephrine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Phenylephrine. Beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors. Phenylephrine is an alpha-adrenergic agonist, not a beta-adrenergic agonist. Adrenaline, dopamine, and noradrenaline are all beta-adrenergic agonists. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
Regarding bilirubin:
- A. unconjugated bilirubin is more soluble than conjugated
- B. all conjugated bilirubin is excreted via the intestine
- C. bile duct obstruction causes jaundice secondary to unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
- D. haemolytic anaemia may cause ?????? hyperbilirubinaemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in hemolytic anemia, there is an increased breakdown of red blood cells, leading to excess bilirubin production. This results in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Unconjugated bilirubin is less soluble than conjugated bilirubin (Choice A). Conjugated bilirubin is excreted via the bile into the intestine, but not all of it is excreted in this manner (Choice B). Bile duct obstruction typically leads to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, not unconjugated (Choice C).
Complete the following sentence: Antidiuretic hormone is secreted from the…
- A. Adrenal cortex
- B. Thyroid gland
- C. Pancreas
- D. Posterior pituitary gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Posterior pituitary gland. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is produced in the hypothalamus and then transported to the posterior pituitary gland for secretion into the bloodstream. ADH plays a key role in regulating water balance by controlling the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are not the primary sites of ADH production and secretion. The adrenal cortex produces hormones like cortisol and aldosterone, the thyroid gland produces hormones like thyroxine, and the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon.