Nokea
Regarding bilirubin:
- A. unconjugated bilirubin is more soluble than conjugated
- B. all conjugated bilirubin is excreted via the intestine
- C. bile duct obstruction causes jaundice secondary to unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
- D. haemolytic anaemia may cause ?????? hyperbilirubinaemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in hemolytic anemia, there is an increased breakdown of red blood cells, leading to excess bilirubin production. This results in unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Unconjugated bilirubin is less soluble than conjugated bilirubin (Choice A). Conjugated bilirubin is excreted via the bile into the intestine, but not all of it is excreted in this manner (Choice B). Bile duct obstruction typically leads to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, not unconjugated (Choice C).
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Which disease can be caused by a lack of vitamin C?
- A. AIDS
- B. coronary heart disease
- C. rickets
- D. scurvy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: scurvy. Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, bleeding gums, and skin discoloration. Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, and its deficiency impairs collagen formation.
A: AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), not by a lack of vitamin C.
B: Coronary heart disease is primarily related to factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and smoking, not vitamin C deficiency.
C: Rickets is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, leading to soft and weak bones, not by a lack of vitamin C.
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNK) is one complication of diabetes. Symptoms include
- A. hypertension
- B. bradycardia
- C. polyuria
- D. Kussmaul respirations
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Polyuria is a characteristic symptom of HHNK, along with hyperglycemia and severe dehydration.
Which of the following post-operative nursing actions should the nurse perform when a client with acromegaly has nasal packing?
- A. Detect the signs of increased intracranial pressure and meningitis
- B. Detect the presence of cerebrospinal fluid
- C. Detect the signs of hypoglycemia
- D. Detect the presence of striae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be detected after nasal packing, as leakage of CSF may indicate a cerebrospinal fluid leak, which can occur after pituitary surgery.
The patient with newly diagnosed diabetes is displaying shakiness, confusion, irritability, and slurred speech. What should the nurse suspect is happening?
- A. DKA
- B. Hypoglycemia
- C. HHS
- D. Hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Shakiness, confusion, irritability, and slurred speech are common symptoms of hypoglycemia, which should be addressed promptly.
Which of the following is descriptive of the adrenal cortex?
- A. It is the target gland of ACTH.
- B. It secretes catecholamines.
- C. It secretes hormones that lower blood glucose.
- D. It secretes iodine-containing hormones.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. The adrenal cortex is indeed the target gland of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone).
2. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release corticosteroid hormones.
3. These corticosteroid hormones play crucial roles in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress response.
4. Therefore, choice A accurately describes the relationship between the adrenal cortex and ACTH.
Summary:
Choice A is correct because the adrenal cortex is the target gland of ACTH, not the other choices. The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (choice B), hormones that raise blood glucose (not lower, as in choice C), and iodine-containing hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland, not the adrenal cortex (choice D).