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Which hormone is produced throughout a menstrual cycle?
- A. FSH
- B. estrogen
- C. LH
- D. progesterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: estrogen. Estrogen is produced throughout the menstrual cycle by the ovaries. It plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle, promoting the growth of the uterine lining, and preparing the body for ovulation. FSH and LH are involved in stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone, respectively. Progesterone is mainly produced in the second half of the menstrual cycle, after ovulation, to support pregnancy. Therefore, estrogen is the hormone that is produced consistently throughout the menstrual cycle, making it the correct answer.
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The male gonads have both sperm-
- A. producing
- B. estrogen functions and are called ________.
- C. progesterone
- D. testes
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why the correct answer is D:
1. Testes are the male gonads responsible for producing sperm.
2. The testes function as the primary reproductive organ in males.
3. Sperm production occurs in the seminiferous tubules within the testes.
4. The testes also produce testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
A: Producing - While testes do produce sperm, this choice lacks specificity regarding the male gonads.
B: Estrogen functions and are called ________ - Estrogen is a female sex hormone, not produced by male gonads.
C: Progesterone - Progesterone is a female sex hormone produced mainly by the ovaries, not by male gonads.
The 16 feet long tube that is coiled and located above the
- A. epididymis
- B. Vas deferens
- C. Urethra
- D. Ureter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: epididymis. The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the back of each testicle, approximately 16 feet long when unraveled. It plays a crucial role in sperm maturation and storage. The other choices, B: Vas deferens, C: Urethra, and D: Ureter, are incorrect as they are not coiled tubes located above the testicles and do not have the same function as the epididymis in sperm development and storage.
Oestrogen levels in females
- A. rise after puberty and slowly decline through out a females life
- B. rise and fall every month
- C. is at its highest level during gestation
- D. is at its highest level just after birth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because oestrogen levels in females rise and fall every month in response to the menstrual cycle. This hormone is produced by the ovaries and plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle. During the menstrual cycle, oestrogen levels increase during the first half of the cycle (follicular phase), peak around ovulation, and then decrease in the second half of the cycle (luteal phase). This cyclical pattern is essential for preparing the uterus for potential pregnancy. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because oestrogen levels do not follow a continuous decline throughout a female's life, peak during gestation, or reach their highest level just after birth.
Congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis is called:
- A. Hypospadia
- B. Phimosis
- C. Epispadia
- D. Herpes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hypospadias is the congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis.
2. This condition results from incomplete closure of the urethral folds during fetal development.
3. Phimosis is the inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis.
4. Epispadias is the congenital opening of the male urethra on the upper surface of the penis.
5. Herpes is a viral infection causing painful sores, but not related to the location of the urethral opening.
Summary: Hypospadias is correct as it matches the description of the condition, while the other choices describe different conditions not related to the location of the urethral opening.
Which spermatid phase (spermiogenesis) is distinguished by the presence of PAS positive granules called pro acrosomal granules?
- A. Golgi phase
- B. Cap phase
- C. Acrosome phase
- D. Maturation phase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Golgi phase. During the Golgi phase of spermiogenesis, the proacrosomal granules are formed from the Golgi apparatus and are PAS positive. These granules will later contribute to the formation of the acrosome in mature sperm. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Cap phase - This phase is characterized by the formation of the acrosomal cap over the nucleus, not the proacrosomal granules.
C: Acrosome phase - This phase involves the elongation and shaping of the acrosome, not the formation of proacrosomal granules.
D: Maturation phase - This phase focuses on the final maturation and condensation of the sperm cell, not the formation of proacrosomal granules.