Nokea
Which immunoglobulin is responsible for the primary immune response and forms antibodies to ABO blood antigens?
- A. IgA
- B. IgD
- C. IgG
- D. IgM
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: IgM is the first antibody produced in the primary immune response and plays a key role in responding to blood group antigens.
You may also like to solve these questions
What structure is recognized by TLR4 in mammals?
- A. Peptidoglycan
- B. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- C. Double-stranded RNA
- D. Mannose-binding lectin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TLR4 recognizes LPS, a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, triggering an immune response. This recognition is crucial in detecting bacterial infections. Peptidoglycan (A) is recognized by other TLRs, not TLR4. Double-stranded RNA (C) is recognized by TLR3, not TLR4. Mannose-binding lectin (D) is a pattern recognition receptor that binds to carbohydrate structures, not specifically recognized by TLR4.
The patient was told she has carcinoma in situ, and the student nurse wonders what that is. How should the nurse explain this to the student nurse?
- A. Evasion of the immune system by cancer cells
- B. Lesion with histologic features of cancer except invasion
- C. Capable of causing cellular alterations associated with cancer
- D. Tumor cell surface antigens that stimulate an immune response
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Carcinoma in situ refers to a lesion with histologic features of cancer but without invasion into surrounding tissues.
Which of the following is NOT true concerned with Leishmania
- A. It is a unicellular parasite
- B. Proliferates inside phagocytic cells
- C. Transmitted by sand flies
- D. Protection is mainly mediated by IgE
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because protection against Leishmania is mainly mediated by cell-mediated immune responses, not IgE antibodies. IgE is not typically involved in protection against intracellular parasites like Leishmania. A: Leishmania is indeed a unicellular parasite. B: Leishmania proliferates inside phagocytic cells, particularly macrophages. C: Leishmania is transmitted by sand flies during blood meals.
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?
- A. Spleen
- B. Thymus
- C. Lymph node
- D. Mucosal immune system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thymus. The thymus is considered a primary lymphoid organ because it is where T lymphocytes (T cells) mature and differentiate. T cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. The thymus is responsible for educating T cells to recognize self versus non-self antigens.
Summary:
A: Spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ involved in filtering blood and producing antibodies, not where T cells mature.
C: Lymph node is also a secondary lymphoid organ where immune cells interact but not where T cells mature.
D: Mucosal immune system refers to the immune system in mucosal tissues, not a specific primary lymphoid organ.
In a patient with leukocytosis with a shift to the left, what does the nurse recognize as causing this finding?
- A. The complement system has been activated to enhance phagocytosis.
- B. Monocytes are released into the blood in larger-than-normal amounts.
- C. The response to cellular injury is not adequate to remove damaged tissue and promote healing.
- D. The demand for neutrophils causes the release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A 'shift to the left' refers to an increase in immature neutrophils in circulation, which occurs when there is a high demand for neutrophils due to infection or inflammation. This phenomenon indicates that the bone marrow is releasing immature neutrophils to meet the body's needs.