Nokea
What stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex?
- A. Excessive water intake
- B. Increased serum osmolality
- C. Decreased serum potassium
- D. Decreased sodium and water
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by decreased sodium and water levels (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation) and low blood pressure.
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What is the medical term for an abnormal decrease in platelets?
- A. Leukopenia
- B. Thrombocytopenia
- C. Anemia
- D. Hemolysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thrombocytopenia, which refers to an abnormal decrease in platelets. Platelets are crucial for blood clotting. Leukopenia (A) is a decrease in white blood cells, not platelets. Anemia (C) is a decrease in red blood cells, not platelets. Hemolysis (D) is the breakdown of red blood cells, not related to platelet count. Therefore, B is the correct answer as it specifically addresses a decrease in platelet count, leading to potential bleeding issues.
The Ig class found in breast milk is
- A. IgA
- B. IgM
- C. IgD
- D. IgG
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgA. IgA is found in breast milk and plays a crucial role in providing immunity to the infant. It helps protect against infections in the digestive and respiratory tracts. IgM is primarily found in the bloodstream, IgD is mainly on the surface of B cells, and IgG is transferred from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy. IgA is the specific immunoglobulin class present in breast milk, making it the correct choice.
The differentiation of activated Th cells into various effector subsets depends mostly on:
- A. Signal 1 of activation
- B. The influence of polarizing cytokines secreted by dendritic cells
- C. Whether the T cell expresses CD4 or CD8
- D. The duration of signaling induced by TCR binding to peptide-MHC
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because polarizing cytokines secreted by dendritic cells play a crucial role in determining the differentiation of activated Th cells into specific effector subsets. These cytokines guide the Th cells towards different functional phenotypes, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, or Treg cells. This process helps tailor the immune response to the specific type of pathogen encountered. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because while signal 1 of activation, T cell receptor co-receptors, and duration of signaling are important factors in T cell activation and differentiation, they do not have as direct and significant an impact on effector subset differentiation as the influence of polarizing cytokines.
For which type of malignancy should the nurse expect the use of the intravesical route of regional chemotherapy delivery?
- A. Bladder
- B. Leukemia
- C. Osteogenic sarcoma
- D. Metastasis to the brain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Intravesical chemotherapy is used for bladder cancer to deliver drugs directly into the bladder.
A cytokine polarizing activated T cells towards a TH2 subset is
- A. IL-12
- B. IL-2
- C. IL-10
- D. IL-5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: IL-10. IL-10 is known to polarize activated T cells towards a TH2 subset by suppressing TH1 cytokine production. IL-12 (A) promotes TH1 differentiation, IL-2 (B) supports T cell proliferation, and IL-5 (D) is involved in eosinophil activation and differentiation, not in polarizing T cells towards a TH2 subset.