Nokea
If HLA-DR4 is considered a 'risk' allele for disease 'X', this means:
- A. All individuals with the HLA-DR4 allele will get disease X
- B. All individuals with disease X have the HLA-DR4 allele
- C. An individual with the HLA-DR4 allele has an increased chance of developing disease X compared to other individuals
- D. All of the above are true
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because having the HLA-DR4 allele increases the likelihood of developing disease X but does not guarantee it. Choice A is incorrect because not all individuals with HLA-DR4 will get disease X. Choice B is incorrect because not all individuals with disease X have the HLA-DR4 allele. Choice D is incorrect because it falsely states that all statements are true, which is not the case.
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Factors important in the eradication of smallpox include
- A. Smallpox is a human pathogen; it is not found in animals.
- B. The vaccine was easily delivered and did not require sophisticated materials or technical skills
- C. The disease is contagious only when the symptoms are manifest making isolation an effective measure
- D. All of the above is correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the factors mentioned are important in the eradication of smallpox. A is correct because smallpox is specific to humans, simplifying eradication efforts. B is correct as the vaccine was easily deployable. C is correct as isolation of symptomatic individuals helped control the spread. Therefore, all choices are important in the successful eradication of smallpox.
For which type of malignancy should the nurse expect the use of the intravesical route of regional chemotherapy delivery?
- A. Bladder
- B. Leukemia
- C. Osteogenic sarcoma
- D. Metastasis to the brain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Intravesical chemotherapy is used for bladder cancer to deliver drugs directly into the bladder.
The major immunoglobulin family to which a particular immunoglobulin belongs can be determined by sequential analysis of the 110 amino acids beginning from the
- A. Amino terminus of the light chain.
- B. Carboxy terminus of the light chain.
- C. Amino terminus of the heavy chain.
- D. Carboxy terminus of the heavy chain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amino terminus of the heavy chain. This is because the amino acid sequence of immunoglobulins is determined by the heavy chain, making it crucial for identifying the immunoglobulin family. The heavy chain contains the variable (V), diversity (D), joining (J), and constant (C) regions essential for classifying immunoglobulins. Analyzing the amino terminus of the heavy chain allows for the identification of these regions, which are unique to each immunoglobulin class. The other choices are incorrect because the light chain does not contain the necessary regions for determining the immunoglobulin family, making the amino terminus of the heavy chain the key starting point for analysis.
Which of the following statement concerning Influenza infection is NOT true?
- A. There is evidence that the infection is less common in spring/summer because the transmission of bigger droplets formed at higher temperatures requires more close contact among people
- B. People infected with Flu can spread the disease before becoming symptomatic
- C. The human strains infect cells of the respiratory tract and also extensively infect epithelial cells throughout the body, explaining the systemic symptoms of influenza
- D. The virus hemagglutinin (HA) allows cell infection via the binding to sialic acid on carbohydrates expressed on host cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because it states that human strains of Influenza extensively infect epithelial cells throughout the body, which is not true. Influenza primarily infects cells of the respiratory tract, leading to respiratory symptoms. Systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and muscle aches are more related to the body's immune response rather than widespread infection of epithelial cells throughout the body. This statement is incorrect as it misrepresents the pathogenesis of Influenza. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they are all true statements supported by scientific evidence regarding Influenza transmission, asymptomatic spread, and viral entry mechanism, respectively.
What is a characteristic feature of Goodpasture's syndrome?
- A. Granuloma formation
- B. Pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis
- C. Contact dermatitis
- D. Bronchoconstriction and vasodilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. Goodpasture's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies, leading to damage in the kidneys (glomerulonephritis) and lungs (pulmonary hemorrhage). Granuloma formation (A), contact dermatitis (C), and bronchoconstriction and vasodilation (D) are not characteristic features of Goodpasture's syndrome. Granulomas are more commonly seen in conditions like sarcoidosis, contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition, and bronchoconstriction and vasodilation are features of allergic reactions or asthma, not typically seen in Goodpasture's syndrome.